Velocity structure inversion method

The inversion method for obtaining velocity structure has been fully described by (VanDecar 1991). By this method, P- and S-wave delay times are inverted independently for structure beneath the array. The model is parameterized identically for the P- and the S-wave inversion with splines under tension constrained by a series of regular knots (Fig. 4). Within the interior portion of the model, the knots are spaced 50 km apart in depth and 5 degree apart in latitude and longitude. Corrections for station elevation and crustal thickness from Nguuri (2002) are applied to the data before inversion. The data are inverted simultaneously for the slowness perturbation field, earth-... 

Models that are used to predict transport of chemicals in soil can be grouped into two main categories those based on an assumed or empirical distribution of pore water velocities, and those derived from a particular geometric representation of the pore space. Velocity-based models are currently the most widely used predictive tools. However, they are unsatisfactory because their parameters generally cannot be measured independently and often depend upon the scale at which the transport experiment is conducted. The focus of this chapter is on pore geometry models for chemical transport. These models are not widely used today. However, recent advances in the characterization of complex pore structures means that they could provide an alternative to velocity based-models in the future. They are particularly attractive because their input parameters can be estimated from independent measurements of pore characteristics. They may also provide a method of inversely estimating pore characteristics from solute transport experiments. 

The constructal design approach begins with the smallest elements on the zero level and connects these with those on the next higher level. This approach works inversely to the fractal description of branched systems where an element is repeatedly miniaturized until almost infinitely small structures. In nature, systems have a finite smallest size and, hence, follow the constructal approach. The optimum size of channel elements and the corresponding area covered depend on the transport velocity of the important quantity, such as the heat flux [14,15]. Here, the constructal method is applied to area coverage Bello-Ochende et al. [16] presented a three-dimensional constructal network for cooling purposes. 

The essence of velocity inversion phenomenon is the disappearance structural control effect and integrity enhancement of rock-mass. This phenomenon tells us that the existing quality classification method for rock-mass is flawed. 

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