Vegetative reinforcement

Vegetative reinforcement A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends erosion control limits and the performance of vegetation. 

Fig. 4. Integrated vault technology for low level waste disposal where A represents waste containers that are placed in concrete overpacks and sealed with grout B, closed modules covered with a multiple-layer earthen cover, to direct water away from modules, and short rooted vegetation for erosion control and C, overpacks placed in reinforced concrete modules which are closed with a reinforced concrete roof Courtesy of Chem-Nuclear Systems, Inc.

Spread Foundations. The purpose of the spread foundation is to distribute loads over a large enough area so that soil can support the loads safely and without excessive settlement. Such foundations are made of steel-reinforced concrete. When concrete is used for a foundation, it should be placed on undisturbed soil. All vegetation should be removed from the surface therefore, the upper few inches of soil should be removed before concrete is laid down. The area of the foundation must be large enough to ensure that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded or that maximum settlement is within acceptable limits. If details are known of the subsurface soil conditions, the foundation must be sized so that differential settlement will not be excessive. For... 

Vegetable fibres (including wood fibres) represent a good replacement solution for glass and carbon fibres for the reinforcement of composites based on a thermoplastic matrix. The advantages of vegetable fibres are economically and ecologically important ... 

It is almost paradoxical that in the history of mankind composite materials were earlier used than their "homogeneous" rivals. The earliest "engineering materials" were bone, wood and clay. Wood is a composite of matrix lignin and a cellulosic reinforcement bone is a natural composite where fibres of hydroxyapatite reinforce the collagen matrix and the oldest building material was adobe clay as a matrix, reinforced by vegetable fibres. After the industrial revolution other composites were added reinforced rubber, reinforced concrete, reinforced asphalt, etc. 

Use of fibers as reinforcements to make composites is, of course, well established. These are structural applications where, because of the characteristically long length of fibers, they are incorporated in a continuous medium, called the matrix. We describe some of these applications in subsequent chapters in more detail. Yet another common use of fibers of various kinds is in making ropes. In prehistoric times, ropes were made of braided leather strips and vines. Later, vegetable fibers such as jute, hemp, etc., were used to make ropes. More recently, ropes have been made of synthetic pol3nmers and metallic fibers. Ropes can be made by a variety of construction methods twisted, braided, plaited, parallel core and fiber, and wire rope. 

As a primaiy property food colour identifies, it advertises that a frait is ripe and directs us to harvest, or it informs us the roast meat is ready to eat, it arouses our expectations and anticipation, and motivates us to eat. If the meat is green, the colour commands us not to eat. Colour of frait and vegetables is a symbol that reinforces our belief that we are eating a healthy meal that will perhaps initiate a cure for our current condition. We eat a piece of traditional white and bine wedding cake so that it will bring good luck to the happy couple. 

A common mode of asexual reproduction is for portions of vegetative mycelium to thicken and form heavy walls and septae. These reinforced hyphal fragments then break apart and are distributed by natural processes. These vegetative propagules are called by many names, including ar-... 

These results reinforce the idea that under N2-fixing conditions, glutamate is formed from glutamine primarily, and perhaps only, in vegetative cells. 

Straw and other vegetable material found its way into the muds and clays and reinforced them, forming the first crude composites. These materials later developed into bricks, which were in turn joined with the same or other materials used as mortars. 

Fiber, ramie A strong natural fiber of vegetable origin, sometimes used as a filler or reinforcing material providing high shock resistance and strength. 

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