Vascular system elements

Hemostasis as defined by Virchow in the last century is a fine balance between blood flow, humoral factors, and cellular elements of the vascular system. Today, molecular and... 

An unusual and taxonomically useful trait found in the Myrtaceae involves the vascular system of the stem. In most dicotyledonous plants the food conducting cells of the vascular system, the sieve elements of the phloem, surround the water conducting cells, or xylem. In young stems there is usually another group of large cells that appear open in sections viewed under a light micro-... 

As the embryo matures, a procambial system differentiates throughout the hypocotyl and cotyledons. This system later gives rise to the components of the vascular system. This is foreshadowed by the development of differences in staining characteristics. Most commonly embryos have only differentiating xylem or phloem elements (Bisalputra and Esau 1964). 

Wissler [10] developed a multi-element model for the entire body by dividing the human body into six elements head, torso, two arms and two legs, which were connected by the heart and lung where venous streams were mixed. Later on, Wissler improved his model and divided the human body into 15 elements to represent the head, thorax, abdomen, and the proximal, medical, and distal segments of the arms and legs, which were connected by the vascular system composed of arteries, veins and capillaries. Energy balance equations for each element and the arterial and venous pools were developed with the assumption that the blood temperature of arteries and veins in each element were uniform, and the thermal control equations for blood flow rates, the shivering metabolic rate and the sweat rate were built up. 

Simon, B.R. and Kaufmann, M.V. (1990) Finite element models for arterial wall mechanics and transport. Biofluid Methods in Vascular and Pulmonary Systems, Biomechanical Systems Techniques and Applications, Leondes, C. T. editor, IV, CRC Press, New York, 5.1-5.32... 

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