Vascular adhesion molecule

SPLA2, secretory phospholipase A2 COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase SOD, superoxide dismutase ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1 TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a IL, interleukin and MMP, matrix metalloproteinases. 

Fig. 8.1 A schematic diagram illustrating the involvement of NF-k I in gpl20, ROS, NO, PG, IL-1/3 and TNF-a-mediated neurotoxicity. NMDA-R, N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2 lyso-PtdCho, lysophosphatidylcholine AA, arachidonic acid cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate PKA, protein kinase A TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a TNF-a-R, TNF-a-receptor IL-1/8, interleukin-1 /3 IL-l/i-R, IL-1/8-receptor, IL-6, interleukin-6 MARK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NO, nitric oxide PG, prostaglandins EP-R, prostaglandin receptors NF-kB, nuclear factor-icB NF-kB-RE, nuclear factor-/cB-response element I/cB, inhibitory subunit of NF-icB HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20, HIV-1 coat glycoprotein COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2 iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase SPLA2, secretory phospholipase A2 SOD, superoxide dismutase MMP, matrix metalloproteinase and VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1...

R. Volpes, J. J. Van den Oord, and V. J. Desmet, Vascular adhesion molecules in acute and chronic fiver inflammation, Hepatology 15 269-275 (1992). 

IEIX TF,STE ERDA,CHEN A, Engel P. Thesdectins vascular adhesion molecules, fuser 9 866-873,1995. 

Thornhill, M.H., Wellicome, S.M., Mahiouz, D.L., Lanch-bury, J.S.S., Kyan-Aung, V. and Haskard, D.O. (1991). Tumor necrosis factor combines with IL-4 or IFNy to selectively enhance endothelial cell adhesiveness for T cells. The contribution of vascular adhesion molecule-l-dependent and -independent binding mechanisms. J. Immunol. 146, 592-598. 

Once activated by antigen, T cells will release cytokines and other inflammatory factors that encourage the arrival of nonspecific lymphocytes and monocytes. Even if these events were to occur in the CNS, there still remains the question of what factors promote the early migration of sensitised T cells across the BBB. Vascular adhesion molecules are expressed on normal cerebral vessels but there is no evidence to suggest that they are more favourably recognised by myelin-specific lymphocytes in relation to other leucocytes. Perhaps entry into the CNS is afforded by neuroantigen... 

Rather than antagonising adhesion molecule expression on leucocytes, would it not be more advantageous to interfere with the expression of their counterreceptors on cerebral vessel walls It appears that endothelial cells adjacent to sites of infec-tion/inflammation in the CNS are just as likely to express increased levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P- and E-selectins as are similarly perturbed endothelial cells in other organs (e.g., skin, heart, and lung). Inhibiting the expression of these vascular adhesion molecules may impair lymphocyte trafficking across the BBB, but unfortunately it may also predispose to infection. 

The topic of selectins and their role as vascular adhesion molecules has been the subject of expert reviews. " ... 

BENTLEY, A.M., DURHAM, S.R., ROBINSON, D.S., MENZ, G., STORZ, C., CROMWELL, O., KAY, A.B. WARDLAW, A.J. (1993) Expression of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin and vascular adhesion molecule-1 in the bronchial mucosa in steady-state and allergen-induced asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 92, 857-868. 

Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Chen A, Engel P. The selectins vascular adhesion molecules. EASES J. 1995 9 866-873. 

Vascular adhesion molecule-1 Upregulation Farooqui (2009a)... 

Male, D., and Rezaie, P. (2001). Colonisation of the human central nervous system by microglia The roles of chemokines and vascular adhesion molecules. Prog. Brain Res. 132, 81-93. 

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