Variety of problems associated with Canopies, or EPRs

Variety of problems associated with Canopies, or EPRs 

By the middle of the XXth century, new flow-related problems arose in the area of environmental science, particularly in the study of tall roughnesses, i.e. structures submerged in a flow and interacting with it. These structures can be treated as a kind of roughness, especially for the flow sufficiently far away over them. 

Gayev and J.C.R. Hunt(eds.), Flow and Transport Processes with Complex Obstructions, 1-28. 2007 Springer. 

Common physical features may evidently lead to a uniform theoretical representation of the phenomena. Many authors, particularly those presented in this book, introduced a distributed mass force in the momentum equations (or a distributed source term for the diffusion problem) to represent the influence of obstructions on the flow. The question was whether these mathematical models can cover the main flow features. Below, the overview of several such models will be given. We will start from simple one-dimensional models allowing an analytical investigation, generalize the results to two-dimensional problems, and apply them to some practical problems. 

The models and their solutions could be useful both in teaching and research. They confirm once more that distinct structures in different disciplines may be similar from the viewpoint of generalized fluid mechanics. 

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