Vanadium block elements

Up to the end of 1972, more than 350 compounds containing silicon-transition-metal bonds had been synthesized, but their distribution among the d-block elements is by no means uniform. It can be inferred that the stability of such complexes decreases from right to left in a transition series and with increasing oxidation state of the transition metal. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that no silyl derivatives of the vanadium group have been prepared and that there are few nickel or palladium derivatives, as can be seen in the complete list of compounds given in Section 6. 

E3.37 As noted in Section 3.17(a), nonstochiometry is common in the solid-state compounds of d-, f-, and later p-block elements. We would therefore expect vanadium carbide and manganese oxide to exhibit nonstoichiometry (two d-block metal compounds) but not magnesium oxide (an s-b ock metal oxide). 

D. Inorganic Vanadium Phosphates with d-Block Elements as Additional Eramework Constiments... 

Elements from the rf-blockform 2-I-, 3-I-, or, in a few cases, 1 -I- or 4-1-cations. Many rf-block elements form two ions of different charges. For example, copper forms H- and 2-1- cations. Iron and chromium each form 2-1- cations as well as 3-1- cations. And vanadium forms 2-I-, 3-I-, and 4-1- cations. 

FIGURE 1.63 The elements in the first row of the d block. Top row magnet is levitated by the superconductor If the assembly were (left to right) scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, and turned over, the magnet would hang at about the same distance... 

Why Do We Need to Know This Material The d-block metals are the workhorse elements of the periodic table. Iron and copper helped civilization rise from the Stone Age and are still our most important industrial metals. Other members of the block include the metals of new technologies, such as titanium for the aerospace industry and vanadium for catalysts in the petrochemical industry. The precious metals—silver, platinum, and gold—are prized as much for their appearance, rarity, and durability as for their usefulness. Compounds of d-block metals give color to paint, turn sunlight into electricity, serve as powerful oxidizing agents, and form the basis of some cancer treatments. 

The Industrial Revolution was made possible by iron in the form of steel, an alloy used for construction and transportation. Other d-block metals, both as the elements and in compounds, are transforming our present. Copper, for instance, is an essential component of some superconductors. Vanadium and platinum are used in the development of catalysts to reduce pollution and in the continuing effort to make hydrogen the fuel of our future. 

Figure 11 shows the ratios of vanadium, chromium, and nickel in the top (block 1) compared with the central parts of the columns. Vanadium enrichment again is apparent. The median for the vanadium content of samples 13-19 (M2) compared with that of samples 1-12 (Mi) illustrates the differences in enrichment of the three elements. 

Emsley J (2001) Vanadium s abundance in the earth s crust is 120 parts per million by weight. In Nature s building blocks an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press, Oxford Chapman G Jr, Nicholas KM (2013) ChemComm 49 8199-8201 Chapman G Jr, Nicholas KM (2014) Submitted for publication... 

Explain why vanadium is a d-block metal and transition element. Give the full detailed electron configuration for the copper(iii), cobalt(iii) and chromium(ii) ions,... 

The transition elements correspond to the d block, and their electron configurations are established in a similar manner. To write the electron configuration of a transition element, start with the electron configuration of the noble gas that closes the prior period and add the subshells that fill in the period of the transition element being considered. The s subshell fills immediately after the preceding noble gas most transition metal atoms have two electrons in the s subshell of the valence shell, but some have only one. Thus, vanadium (Z = 23), which has two valence electrons in the 4s subshell and core electrons in the configuration of the noble gas argon, must have f/zree electrons (2 + 18 + 3 = 23). 

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