Vanadate as Energiser for Bacteria, and Vanadophores

Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 (soluble granular brown precipitate) Lactate, formate 137-139 

Geobacter metallireducens (soluble green vanadylphosphate precipitate) Acetate 140 

Bacterial strains isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents V and Lactate 141 

oneidensis cells pre-grown on fumarate exhibit a pronounced ability to use vanadate as an electron acceptor. Formate and, in particular, lactate are employed as electron sources. Under optimal conditions, ca 16 mM of vanadate is reduced per gram of bacteria per hour, with a biomass doubling time of 10( 1) the absolute yield being 

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is coated with a lipopolysaccharide, making these bacteria resistant against Gram staining - unlike the Gram-positive bacteria. 

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