Van de Graaff generators

There are seven types of electron accelerator available for industrial uses [41] (1) Van de Graaff generator (2) Cockcroft-Walton generator (3) insulated core transformer (4) parallel coupling, cascading rectifier accelerator (5) resonant beam transformer (6) Rhodetron (7) linear accelerator (LINAC). 

Westinghouse constructs its Atom Smasher in Forest Hills, Pennsylvania. The five million volt van de Graaff generator represents the first large-scale program in nuclear physics established in industry, makes possible precise measurements of nuclear reactions, and provides valuable research experience for the company s pioneering work in nuclear power. 

The five million-volt van de Graaff generator, Westinghouse Atom Smasher, 1937, represents the first large-scale program in nuclear physics established by industry. 

Much of the pioneering research on nitrosoalkane dimers is based on reactions involving the formation of free radicals. Most of the reactions are of little value from the preparative standpoint, either because a highly specialized apparatus (e.g., photolysis equipment, high-vacuum trains, even a Van de Graaff generator) is used or because complex mixtures of products are produced. However, this work is of such importance in the historical development of aliphatic nitroso chemistry that it merits a brief review here rather than relegation to Section 5. 

The first few tests were carried out using an 8-m.e.v. linear electron accelerator at Berkeley, Calif. In subsequent tests, a 3-m.e.v. Van de Graaff generator at MIT was used. 

Since the early 1930s, the development of conventional particle accelerators has ranged from Van de Graaff generators to the Synchrotron and other models. The... 

Ion beams were obtained from a single-ended Van de Graaff generator (terminal voltage 0.4-3.75 MV) at the High Fluence Irradiation Facility, University of Tokyo. 

Marlex 5003 polyethylene crystallized from 0.04% solution in xylene at 85°C. then molded into 10 mil. sheets at 160°C. No surface treatment A—Polyethylene film (untreated) exposed to vapors of a boiling 1.1 hexane, heptane mixture for 5 minutes A—Polyethylene film (untreated) irradiated with a Van de Graaff generator to a dose of 10 Mrads O—Polyethylene film exposed to glass cleaning solution at 80°C. for 4 minutes... 

The deuterons are accelerated in a van de Graaff generator and hit a tritium or a beryllium target. The neutron yields of these reactions are plotted in Figs. 17.2 and 17.3. 

The earliest of such devices were the linear Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (1929), the circular cyclotron (1930), and the Van de Graaff generator (1931). Modern synchrotrons are large machines that have both tinear and curved sections. The most powerful synchrotron is the Tevatron proton accelerator at the Fermilab located near Batavia, Illinois (just outside of Chicago) it ties inside an underground circular tunnel ttiat measures almost... 

In another radiation technique, pulse radiolysis, high-energy electrons formed in a Van de Graaff generator lead to cation radical reactions in solution with very short periods of irradiation. Solvent ions or radicals are formed which may next remove an electron from the solute. For example, TMPD and some triarylaminc cation radicals have been made in carbon tetrachloride solution [(66) and (67)] by... 

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