Vacuum trough

Figure 6.22 Methods of tube and pipe sizing (a) vacuum trough method, (b) extended mandrei method.

In the vacuum trough method illustrated in Fig. 8.26(a), the tube (or pipe) enters into one end of a elosed... 

Figure 1.2 A barometer is a device for measuring pressures. A vacuum-filled glass tube (sealed at one end) is placed in a trough of mercury with its open end beneath the surface of the liquid metal. When the tube is erected, the pressure of the external air presses on the surface and forces mercury up the tube. The height of the mercury column li is directly proportional to the external pressure p...

Fig. 3.10. Moveable trough for filling ampoules. A outlet from standing burette or reservoir, B phials, C manifold, D trough, E iron core coated with glass, F magnet, G connection to high vacuum system and H seal-off points.

Figure 19.10. Vacuator of the constant-level type. The cylindrical tank with a dome-shaped cover is under a constant vacuum of about 9 in. of mercury. Sewage enters a central draft tube from which it is distributed by means of a flared-top section. Floating solids, buoyed up by fine air bubbles, are skimmed from the liquid surface and carried to a trough. Settled solids are removed from the bottom with a scraper mechanism. (Courtesy of Engineering News-Record).

In every LME system, strain to rupture is drastically reduced compared to that in air or in vacuum. This loss of ductility appears to be limited to a particular temperature range known as ductility trough . An example of this phenomenon is shown in Fig. 12 [15]. The lower limit of this tough is close to the freezing temperature of liquid metal (Hg) and the upper limit is at about 160° C. Above 160° C the ductility appear to restore to the value that is similar to that in air or vacuum. 

This method when first used was the reverse of RTM. By 1960 the Marco method used vacuum pressure at the parting line and also used a vacuum for a push-pull action where pressure was applied in the center hole similar to what is now used in RTM. Pressure was applied through the center hole alone or in a combination with a vacuum from the trough area to aid the flow of the liquid plastic. 

Oppenlander T, Fradl M (1999) TOC Destruction of a Phenol/Water Azeotrope by Photoreactive Distillatiorf Trough an Incoherent Vacuum-UV Excimer Lamp,... 

Downstream equipment generally involves a vacuum pump, for devolatilization, and pelletizing hardware. Strand pelletizers are located at the end of a water trough, while hot-face pelletizers cut the extrudate immediately upon die exit. When direct extrusion... 

The barometer-tube method was improved by Ramsay and Youngs (pig. 3.VIII J). They used a comparison vacuous barometer surrounded by a water-jacket at constant temperature. The barometer tube to contain the liquid was first filled with mercury which was boiled in a water-pump vacuum. Some liquid was introduced and boiled in vacuum to free it from air. More mercury was added and the tube inverted in the mercury trough. The open end had, as shown, a narrower side tube, the wider tube being sealed below. The liquid passed to the top of the mercury.. The tube was heated in a vapour jacket, the liquid being boiled in a bulb at the side under a constant air pressure maintained in a large reservoir. The difference in mercury levels in the two tubes was read, and the level in the vapour tube corrected for temperature and the weight of the small column of liquid above it. 

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