Vacuum electrostatic component

In contrast to the processes considered earlier, the vacuum electrostatic component of resolvation process has high value whereas —SAG" values are eomparable with the eovalent component, 5AG . ... 

The leveling (leveling solvent reduces differences between constants of ion association) or differentiating (differentiating solvent enhances these differences) effect of die first mixed solvent is defined by the ratio of coefficients of equation [9.106] or by the ratio of vacuum electrostatic component of free energy of association process, 6AG. ... 

The electrostatic component of the free energy of solvation of the sphere is then the difference between doing this charging in a vacuum (e = 1) and in the medium ... 

Another challenge faced by SCALPEL technology is related to the fact that the SCALPEL mask is not protected by pellicles, making particulate and airborne molecular contamination a major issue. In particular, many components of the SCALPEL tool are sensitive to the presence of charged particulates these include electrostatic chucks, electrostatic optics, and apertures. The fact that the SCALPEL tool is designed to operate in a vacuum environment (10 torr) has been reasonably effective in limiting the amount of particulate and molecular contamination, but has not eliminated them entirely. 

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