Urine collection device

The choice of urine collection containers is based on the sample collection volume needed (spot or time collection) and need for sterility and preservative. Sterile containers are preferable to prevent microbial growth and contamination. Preservatives may be a source of assay interference but necessary for some biomarkers. A standardized set of instructions for clinical volunteers describing how urine should be collected may be useful to include in each sample collection kit. 

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Sample Handling System. Venous or capillary blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are specimens routinely used in medical diagnostic testing. Of these biological fluids, the use of venous blood is by far the most prevalent. Collection devices such as syringes and partial vacuum test tubes, eg, Vacutainer, are used to draw ten milliliters or less of venous blood. At collection time, the test tubes are carefully labeled for later identification. 

Class I—Regulatory Controls These devices are subject to the least regulatory control as they usually have a simple design and present minimal potential for harm. Examples include examination gloves, elastic bandages, and urine collecting bags. Most Class-I devices are exempt from 510(k) or GMP controls. 

The goals of a field study help dictate the methods as well as the subsequent difficulties encountered in the field portion of the study. For Instance, a study to determine the penetration of pesticides through fabrics might require that collection devices be placed under the worker s suit and on the surface. To determine the actual protection provided by the suit might require that urine samples be collected each day. While 24-hr. urine samples are preferable for appllcator/mlxer-loader studies, dally timed urine... 

Several approaches to the measurement of respiratory exposure are available. The first was developed by Durham and Wolfe ( ) and employs a respirator with the collection pads protected by cones from direct spray. The second common method uses the personal air sampler with a pump carried by the worker and a collection device In the general breathing zone. The third method involves a more careful experimental design. In this case, the worker wears a pesticide respirator for a certain period of time with the respirator removed for an equal amount of time. Twenty-four hour urine samples are collected each day, with any observed Increase in urinary metabolites Indicating the degree of respiratory exposure. 

From our perspective, a tightly fitting respirator with collection devices, or an experiment with 24-hr. urine collection and alternating resplratot-no respirator periods, constitute adequate designs. Of these two, the respirator with a collection device Is the least expensive and easiest to conduct In the field. The respirator has the advantage of not needing calibration. The actual material Inhaled Is measured. It Is convenient to wear, whereas the personal air sampler may be refused by the worker because of discomfort or Inconvenience, particularly In harvester experiments. 

Pour urine from collection device into storage container provided. 

Klatt et al. (1975) described a method of collecting urine excreted by large animals. On the basis of urine funnels used in rats, an appropriate larger metabolism cage made out of transparent, rigid polyvinyl chloride was used. The cage was improved by a built-in sieve cone which assured good separation of urine and feces. A device to measure and record the time and amount of voided urine was attached. Urine was collected in a vessel with a hose connection from the bottom to... 

Each collection interval the excreted urine is collected from the separation device in a labeled plastic bottle. To collect also the dried adherent parts of the urine on the surface, all contaminated devices are rinsed with de-ionized water until the clear plastic bottles are filled to about three-quarters. The weight of the filled bottle is determined and the data stored until evaluation. 

In direct headspace analysis, the sample e g. serum or urine, is equilibrated with the headspace in a suitable container. A protion of headspace gas is then injected for analysis. More elaborate headspace trapping devices combine separation of the volatiles from the sample matrix with subsequent enrichment of the constituents. Such a system, suitable for small volumes of body fluids, is known as the transevaporator sampling technique. It contains a microcolumn packed with Porasil E (pore silica gel), into which the sample is injected. In one mode of use, helium is passed through the column to remove the volatiles which are then collected in a trap (Tenax-GC, a porous polymer, 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide). 

Employees undergoing an observed collection will be checked by observers for the presence of prosthetic devices designed to carry clean urine. Observers at the collection site will be required to have employees raise and lower clothing, and put it back in place for the observed collection. 

Observed collections will be required when there is a specific reason to believe that an employee may be attempting to evade the testing process or at the direction of the MRO. Observed collections will also be required during return-to-duty and follow-up collections. Employees undergoing an observed collection will be checked by observers for the presence of prosthetic devices designed to carry clean urine. Observers at the collection site will be required to have employees raise and lower clothing, and put it back in place for the observed collection. 

Catheters must withstand often substantial stresses, from the weight of urine when the collection bag is full, as well as from movement of the user, and these stresses induce fatigue. The catheter can break near the tip, in which case the end must be extracted surgically. Just this happened to a patient, Miss C, in 2007, and she experienced great discomfort and pain, not to mention distress without the device before a new catheter was implanted. The failed parts were returned, and she gave them to her pharmacist for examination, but they were discarded or lost, and so the cause of failure was never determined. However, the replacement catheter she was sent showed failure of almost exactly the same kind, and she sued the manufacturer as a result. The presence of a clean radial fracture (Fig. 9.33) without any applied stress implied a manufacturing defect in the material, vulcanized silicone rubber. 

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