Unmated females

Male adders Vipera berus) fight for access to unmated females. Courtship starts in spring only after sexually active males have shed their skins. Males tongue flick at females and court them but attack other shed males. If a recently shed male meets a non-shed male or female, he will ignore both. In summary, the male adder needs a chemical cue from the skin to court or fight (Andren, 1982). 

Unmated females After completion of the mating period. 

The discovery since the turn of the century of a number of compounds strongly attractive to male fruit flies (Tephritidae) has suggested the possible utilitarian significance of male attractants. Ripley and Hepburn 3) considered that each male fly removed from the wild fly population by an attractant would represent one unmated female, since the two sexes were assumed to be present in approximately equal numbers and to mate only once. Use of the male attractant terpinyl... 

The mating behavior of she-males was investigated to determine whether they exhibit a normal sexual preference and court females or whether they court males. She-males were placed in a 40 cm x 28 cm x 10 cm clear plastic box with a recently emerged, unmated female for ten minutes. All 33 she-males courted vigorously for the duration of the test. Further, 3 of the she-males mated with the stimulus female in the time allotted. Although she-males would not court males, they did court each other. 

Olfactory-induced behavior of many insects is known to vary as a function of age, experience and/or environmental conditions. Investment in different behavioral repertoires can often be directly correlated to different adaptive patterns older, unmated individuals become more prone to react to a sex-pheromone stimulus, mated females become more motivated to respond to odors emanating from a suitable oviposition site and a hungry insect will more readily respond to food associated odours. 

These virgins are tested for hatchability and adult survival of offspring at two different temperatures (28 and 35°C) (Fig. 2, part 2). The virgins are then mated to their sons and transferred twice daily. If the experimental protocol needs to be rushed, the virgins can be mated to their brothers and the lines having low adult survival can be discarded later. Some of the females are bred unmated to obtain large quantities of haploid male offspring. 

Female offspring are collected as virgins for the experiment (Fig. 2, part 3). The mother of each set of virgins is recorded so that the inheritance can be traced. At this time, the virgin offspring can be tested to obtain spontaneous frequencies of recessive lethal and visible mutationSy and inherited partial sterility. Males from the females that were bred unmated are collected for short time intervals so that the males will be of a uniform age when treated. H. serinopae males are kept for 24-48 hr at 28°C before treatment H. juglandis males can be treated within 12-24 hr after eclosion. 

When the females are treated, they are transferred at the time intervals optimal for collection of eggs that had been in the first meiotic metaphase, diakinesis, and earlier prophase stages at the time of treatment (Whiting et aLy 1968) (Fig. 2, part 5). When females are set unmated for oviposition, hatchability is a measure of total lethality (dominant and recessive lethal mutations). When the treated females are set for oviposition after being mated to untreated males, hatchability is a measure of dominant lethality only. 

Females are bred unmated at 28°C and transferred twice daily (Fig. 

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