United States scientific reviews

The United States After reviewing the scientific data on atrazine since initiation of the Special Review in 1994 and changes in pesticide regulations under the Food Quality Protection Act in 1996, the USEPA in 2000 convened a Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) to provide scientific advice on the potential for atrazine to be a carcinogen. The SAP concluded that atrazine was not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. In 2000, USEPA published its determination that... 

The Federal Food, Dmg and Cosmetic (FDAC) Act defines dmgs as "...articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man..." and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the stmcture of any function of the body of man." In the United States and elsewhere, the introduction of a new dmg is subject to a sequence of weU-defined stages of development and approval (4). Each stage involves either scientific testing or submission and preparation of data and analysis review (Fig. 2). 

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting Report, Review of Proposed Revised Guidehnes for Conducting Terrestrial Field Dissipation Studies , SAP Report No. 90-01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, p. 32 (1998). 

Natural and herbal diet pills available in the United States today are considered dietary supplements and are not subject to FDA review prior to being sold. Although these agents may have drug-like activity in the body, they do not need to be proven safe or effective like conventional drugs do. Unlike conventional drugs, natural and herbal diet pills can only be withdrawn from the market when they are proven to be dangerous. As a result, many herbal products reach the market without any scientific evidence that they are safe or effective. These products are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1975). DDT A review of scientific and economic aspects of the decision to ban its use as a pesticide. Washington D.C. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 

Zuckerman, H. (1977). Scientific elite Nobel laureates in the United States. New York Free Press. Zuckerman, H. (1987). Persistence and change in the careers of men and women scientists and engineers A review of current research. In L. Dix (Ed.), Women Their Underrepresentation and Career Differentials in Science and Engineering Proceedings of a Conference (pp. 127-156). Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

James N. Pitts, Jr., is a Research Chemist at the University of California, Irvine, and Professor Emeritus from the University of California, Riverside. He was Professor of Chemistry (1954-1988) and cofounder (1961) and Director of the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (1970-1988) at the University of California, Riverside. His research has focused on the spectroscopy, kinetics, mechanisms, and photochemistry of species involved in a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous atmospheric reactions, including those associated with the formation and fate of mutagenic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds. He is the author or coauthor of more than 300 research publications and three books Atmospheric Chemistry Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques, Graduate School in the Sciences—Entrance, Survival and Careers, and Photochemistry. He has been coeditor of two series, Advances in Environmental Science and Technology and Advances in Photochemistry. He served on a number of panels in California, the United States, and internationally. These included several National Academy of Science panels and service as Chair of the State of California s Scientific Review Panel for Toxic Air Contaminants and as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Acid Deposition. 

In the United States and elsewhere, the introduction of a new drug is subject to a sequence of well-defined stages of development and approval. Each stage involves either scientific testing or submission and preparation of data and analysis review (Fig. I). 

D) two or more members who are specialists or have other expertise in the particular disease or condition for which the drug under review is proposed to be indicated.Scientific, trade, and consumer organizations shall be afforded an opportunity to nominate individuals for appointment to the panels. No individual who is in the regular full-time employ of the United States and engaged in the administration of this Act may be a voting member of any panel. The Secretary shall designate one of the members of each panel to serve as chairman thereof. 

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