Unipolar plate

Zstack is the sum of the cell impedances plus the impedance of the wire connected to the unipolar plate of the first cell, Zn ... 

The principle behind the use of surgical diathermy is that of current density. When a current is applied over a small area, the current density is high and heating may occur. If the same current is applied over a suitably large area then the current density is low and no heating occurs. For unipolar diathermy, the apparatus utilizes a small surface area at the instrument end and a large area on the diathermy plate to allow current to flow but to confine heating to the instrument alone. Bipolar diathermy does not utilize a plate as current flows directly between two points on the instrument. 

Bulk phase formation by current or voltage pulses results in different nucleation and crystal growth conditions compared to dc deposition and depends on the electrolyte and the pulse regime (unipolar, bipolar, pulse reverse, etc.) itself [6.98]. Several effects, which are of significance for the pulse plating process, can be distinguished. 

Electrodeposition using pulsed currents is known as pulse plating. The pulsed currents can be unipolar (on-off) or bipolar (current reversal). Pulses can be used along or be superimposed on a DC feed. By using the bipolar pulse, metal deposition occurs in the cathodic pulse period, with a limited amount of metal being... 

Figure 17.3 Output and transfer characteristics of unipolar field-effect transistors with neat Cgg (a, c) and neat CuPc (b, d) films. The substrates were treated with 02-plasma and the films evaporated at 375 K substrate temperature. The direction of the hysteresis is indicated by arrows. (Figure adopted from Ref. [27].) (see colour plates p. LXXXll)...

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