Pulsing regime

Semiconductor lasers can operate in the cw regime (with output powers ranging from /xwatts to tens of watts) or in the pulsed regime, with typical peak powers of tens of watts. 

L). Our recently published theoretical model defines, for the first time, the optimum focusing conditions for SHG using focused beams in the ultrashort-pulse regime, where GVM is significant (i.e. where L > ). 

The radiation-induced method, in the y- or pulse regime [19,20] and, to a certain extent, the photo-induced method [21], provide a particularly powerful means to produce in condensed media, metal, and semiconductor clusters from monomers as precursors, to study their properties and to understand the exotic phenomena which occur whenever a new phase of oligomeric particles is formed in the bulk of a homogeneous mother phase [22-26], phenomena which are therefore rather frequent in physics and chemistry. Unlike a recent review concerning semiconductor clusters [19], the present chapter is specifically focused on metal clusters, induced by ionizing radiation or ultraviolet (UV)-visible photons. 

Here, we discuss the case that e it) can be treated as a perturbation, and we further refer to Ref. [80] for the extension to the strong e it) pulse regime. 

Figure 12. Intensities in the short-pulse regime for the GCL case. The parameters are the same as for Fig. 11a but T = 0.01.

Figure 13. (a) A typical phase portrait in the short-pulse regime for GCL case (b) an... 

Fig. 34. Diffraction efficiency versus spatial frequency for electrically controlled birefrigence liquid crystal-polyimide modulator in pulse regime [257]...

Fig. 35. Modulation function of the polyimide modulator with thickness of the liquid crystal in pm 20 (/), 15 (2), 10 (3), 3 (4). Anisotropy of the dielectric permittivity of 12 (2,2,3) 0.05 (4). Polyimide thickness - 2 pm. Pulse regime [14]...

Fig. 36. Contrast ratio (/), switch on (2) and switch off (3) times versus voltages for modulator with polymer dispersed liquid crystal. Photocon-ductor-polyimide film. Pulse regime [261]...

Figure 5.2-5. Influence of the operating pressure on the transition between trickling and pulsing regimes for two gas-liquid systems (Charpentier diagram) (after Flasseni et al. [18]).

It should be noted that the liquid holdup is a time averaged value. In practice, for flows in the pulsing regime at a given column depth, the holdup will vary with time due to the alternating passage of liquid and gas rich slugs. 

Bulk phase formation by current or voltage pulses results in different nucleation and crystal growth conditions compared to dc deposition and depends on the electrolyte and the pulse regime (unipolar, bipolar, pulse reverse, etc.) itself [6.98]. Several effects, which are of significance for the pulse plating process, can be distinguished. 

We start with a general calculation of the quantum state of a single photon state prepared by a conditional measurement on a PDC biphoton state (Fig. 1). We restrict our consideration to the pulsed regime. In all calculations in this pa-... 

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