Underwriting, combination

The Underwriters Laboratories utilizes a combination of methods for environmental conditioning and adhesion testing to evalu-... 

Underwriters conduct inspections of the properties being insured to determine the estimated fire loss for each location. The risk of insuring a facility is determined by estimating the fire loss and combining it with the loss experience of a company, the particular industry, and other related industries. The underwriters then determine how much of the risk they take or layoff. The premium a company pays for insurance is determined by the insurer(s). Figure 3.3, originally developed in 1986 and still relevant today, shows the typical breakdown of insurance premiums (Norstrom, 1986). 

Standard tanks are fabricated in discrete sizes with some latitude in combinations of diameter and length. For example, in Table 18.3, there are a variety of Underwriter and API sizes. Note that in Table 18.3(c) there are several heights for 30 ft diameter API standard tanks the major difference is in the metal wall thickness. In some smaller tanks, the thickness is determined by the requirements of rigidity rather than strength. Some general statements about metal thickness are given throughout this section. 

Due to a combination of aggressive underwriting in the late 1990s, a meltdown in the telecommunication sector, a record number of fallen angel defaults, and a recession in manufacturing, defaults in the United States also soared in 2001 and 2002. The US default rate ended 2001 at 12.9% and the third quarter of 2002 at 14.3%, both unprecedented levels. The average annual default rate in the United States for the period 1980 through 2000 was just 3.4%, with a peak of 8.7% recorded in 1990. 

The Underwriters Laboratories utilizes a combination of methods for environmental conditioning and adhesion testing to evaluate various approaches to shielding and to determine the plastic types that are suitable for use in electronic devices. Their concern is primarily safety should a metalized plastic delaminate or chip off, creating an electrical short that could cause a fire. 

SERIES (cascaded) RATINGS. Underwriters Laboratories recognized the short-circuit rating of a combination of devices, that is, two or more devices used in series. A combination of circuit breakers, where circuit breakers of a lower-fault-current capability could be used in conjunction with higher-fault-current circuit breakers on high-fault-current systems, or combinations of fuses and circuit breakers, are also recognized. 

An invention which provided an additive for polyethylene that produced polyethylene with self-extinguishing properties xmder an ASTM flammability test and flame-retarding properties according to an Underwriters Laboratories flame retardant test, was disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,480,298 issued to WB. Happoldt on August 30, 1948, and assigned to DuPont Company. The combination of antimony trioxide (20-35 wt%), at least... 

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