Uncertainty in Effect-Cause Relationship

There has been a good deal of discussion and curiosity about the natural event occurrences during the last century (Chamberlain 1904-1978). These discussions have included comparisons between uncertainty in earth and atmospheric sciences and uncertainty in physics which has, inevitably it seems, led to the question of determinism and indeterminism in nature [32]. 

At the very core of scientific theories lies the notion of cause and effect relationship in an assumed absolute certainty domain in scientific studies. One of the modem philosophers of science, stated that  

According to him there must be a very special kind of connection between the premises and the conclusions (consequents) of a causal explanation, and it must be deductive. In this manner, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Prior to any mathematical formulation the premises and the conclusion consists 

In general causes and effect are observed or measured, and they are known, but the relationship translator between them is not known in many engineering, scientific, economic and social events. It is, therefore, very important to be able to identify some of the features of the relationship through deductions, inferences, linguistically reasoning and perhaps at the end by well-established and convenient mathematical deterministic or uncertainty methodologies. 

Any natural phenomenon or its similitude occurs extensively over a region, and therefore, its recordings or observations at different locations pose some questions as, for instance, are there relationships between phenomena in various locations In such a question, the time is considered as frozen (steady state) and the phenomenon concerned is investigated over the space and its behavioral occurrence between the locations. Answer to this question may be provided descriptively in linguistic, subjective and vague terms, which may be understood even by non-specialists to a great extent. However, their quantification necessitates objective methodologies, which are one of the purposes of the context in this book. 

---