Un-supported palladium alloy membranes,

Un-supported Palladium Alloy Membranes for the Production of Hydrogen... 

Lanning BR, Ishteiwy O, Way JD, Edlxmd DJ, Coulter KE. Un-supported palladium alloy membranes for the production of hydrogen. In Bose AC, editor. Inorganic membranes for energy and environmental applications. New York Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009. p. 203-20. 

Complex substrate modifications involving intermediate layers and palladium alloy deposition methods are often required for superior membrane performance. Modification of a membrane support surface before palladium deposition by sintering on smaller particles can create a smoother surface with smaller pores, facilitating the deposition of a defect-free palladium layer. Nickel microparticles have been sintered together to form a porous support that was sputter-coated with palladium and then copper [118]. Thermal treatment at 700 °C for 1 h promoted reflow to create a durable, pinhole-free membrane with a Pd-Cu-Ni alloy film. In another case, starting with commercially available PSS with a 0.5 pm particle filtration cut-ofF, submicron nickel particles were dispersed on the surface, vacnium sintered for 5 h at 800 °C, and then sputtered with UN [159]. The nickel particles created a smoother surface with smaller pores, so a thinner palladium alloy layer... 

---