Ultrasonic spectroscopy, analytical method

Measurement and control are indispensable to achievement of a robust and safe process (Chapter 12). Since the early 1990s, a tremendous effort has been observed in the development of new in-line analytical techniques, including spectroscopy (UV, IR, Raman, laser, and so on), ultrasonic sensing, chromatography, and diffraction or electrical methods. New control schemes appear where the reaction is performed just below the constraint limits, independently of the reaction kinetics. All these techniques tend to lead to safer and more robust processes while increasing productivity and product quality at the same time. 

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