Ultra-high vacuum scanning

NMR and ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) studies also demonstrate the encapsulation of the metal atoms by the carbon cage [75, 76]. 

UHV-STM ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy... 

Poirier, G. E., and White, J. M. (1989). A new ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope design for surface science studies. Rev. Sec. Instrum. 60, 3113-3118. 

TbFs, 406 Ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling... 

UHV-SEM Ultra High Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope... 

Since the pioneering work of Rohrer and Binning,77 scanning tunelling microscopy (STM) has been used to image atomic-scale features of electrically conductive surfaces under ultra-high-vacuum but also at atmospheric pressure and in aqueous electrochemical environments. The ability of STM to image chemisorption and surface reconstruction is well... 

The physical methods mostly require ultra high vacuum conditions having the disadvantage of not being applicable directly to solvent swollen films, but recent developments of in situ measurements in SIMS X-ray diffraction surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and scanning electrochemical tunneling microscopy... 

Surface science experiments and DFT have often been teammates in very successful projects. DFT has been used along with ultra-high-vacuum surface science experiments such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy... 

We begin with the most routine characterization methods—electrochemical methods. We then discuss various instrumental methods of analysis. Such instrumental methods can be divided into two groups ex situ methods and in situ methods. In situ means that the film on the electrode surface can be analyzed while the film is emersed in an electrolyte solution and while electrochemical reactions are occurring on/in the film. Ex situ means that the film-coated electrode must be removed from the electrolyte solution before the analysis. This is because most ex situ methods are ultra-high-vacuum techniques. Examples include x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [37], secondary-ion mass spectrometry [38,39], and scanning or transmission electron microscopies [40]. Because ex situ methods are now part of the classical electrochemical literature, we review only in situ methods here. 

Since the first report on a copper(II) Pc adlayer on Cu(100) [178], several studies describing the formation of Pc adlayers in air, in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), or at the solid-liquid interface have been reported [179-183], most of them involving the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), a widely used technique for studying the organization of Pc derivatives on surfaces. 

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