Ultra-fine probe

In this final chapter, we will review the current frontier of the applications of CNTs. Nanoscale applications such as nanoscale devices and ultra-fine probe, as well as macroscale applications such as field emission, energy storage and... 

Electron probe microscopy indicated that finer particles of oxide lead and silver were coated with ultra-fine slimes of Fe-hydroxide. 

Through the combined use of catalytic probe reactions, Mossbauer, EXAFS, XPS, XRD, it has been demonstrated that the anticipated particle structures for the half-SMAD and full SMAD procedures are close to reality.(40-42) Thus, 119Sn Mossbauer, a bulk solid analysis technique, revealed the relative amounts of Sn, Pt-Sn alloy, SnO, and Sn02 present in the catalysts. It was possible to differentiate Sn° from Pt-Sn alloy through supporting evidence of XPS and selective oxidation, since it was found that ultra-fine Sn° particles were much more susceptible to oxidation than Pt-Sn alloy particles. Also, since the full SMAD Pt°-Sn°/Al203 catalysts behaved much differently than Pt°/Al203, it is clear that the SMAD catalysts are not made up of separate Pt° and Sn particles. 

In analyzing surface effects of ultra fine polymer particles, we calculated the surface area and volume using Connolly s contact-reentrant method [231-233]. The contact-reentrant surface (molecular surface) uses a rigid hard sphere with a spherical probe that can trace molecular shape while in contact with the van der Waals surface. The van der Waals surface treats a CH2 bead as a rigid hard sphere equal to the van der Waals radii. The union of the spheres is considered the volume. Connolly s method provides a smooth surface by patching the space between the probe radius and the probed molecule. For our surface area and volume calculations, the van der Waals radius for the PE particles is set at 1.89 C for CH2 beads and the probe radius at 1.4 C to mimic the H2O molecule. Using the molecular surface, we also computed the fractal dimension D to determine roughness of the surface.. The value of D can be calculated by... 

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