Typology of properties

The following widely acknowledged typology of carbon blacks based on reinforcing properties has stood the test of time. 

There are two main and important typologies of pores closed and open pores. Closed pores are completely isolated from the external surface, not allowing the access of external fluids in neither liquid nor gaseous phase. Closed pores influence parameters like density and the mechanical and thermal properties. Open pores are connected to the external surface, and are therefore accessible to fluids, depending on the pore nature/size and the nature of fluid. Open pores can be further divided into dead-end or interconnected pores. Further classification is related to the pore shape, whenever is possible to determine it. The characterization of solids in terms of porosity consists in determining the following parameters ... 

Different configuration and typologies of membrane contactor devices can be used depending on the membrane features and desired application. Tables 2.1 to 2.3 outline the common membrane properties, configurations... 

Inspection of many certificates of analysis shows that each water has a composition that differs from that of water originating from a nearby source. Nevertheless, a typology of waters can be set up as a function of composition-related criteria. Common properties exist for waters of common origin these properties are a result of the nature of the soil crossed by water. 

Emerging in the 1950s and revolutionary at the time, polymers represent the largest proportion of marine htter which can constitute up to 100% in the case of floating debris. Their diversity and their properties make the imderstanding of the evolution of this htter in the sea more complex [THO 09]. The typological analysis... 

The ultimate fabrication technique of QDs should produce significant amounts of sample, with such a high control of QD size, shape and monodispersity that singleparticle properties would not be affected by sample inhomogeneity. To date, ensembles of QDs produced by the best available techniques still show a behavior that derives from a distribution of sizes, although this field is evolving very rapidly. In the fabrication of QDs, different techniques may lead to different typologies. Notably,... 

Mechanical tests for advanced composite materials conform in many respects to the conventional test typology used for traditional isotropic materials. Despite the complication associated with the heterogeneity of composite systems, the interface between fiber and matrix, and the anisotropy at the micro- and macroscopic levels, the same characteristic property definitions generally used for conventional materials can be identified for these novel materials. In some cases additional constants are required and some differences in nomenclature are introduced especially when no isotropic counterpart exists. 

The study of the thermal and mechanical properties, in the case of ceramic materials, denotes a particular complexity, directly related to the structural and typological diversity presented. So, the theoretical or analytical nature of crystalline materials results will be useful only as a guide, being in any case necessary to perform experimental measurements and tests on these materials under high temperatures. 

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