Twisting intramolecular

Rettig, W. Photoinduced Charge Separation via Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer States. 169, 253-300 (1994). 

Grabowski ZR, Rotkiewicz K, Rettig W (2003) Structural changes accompanying intramolecular electron transfer Focus on twisted intramolecular charge-transfer states and structures. Chem Rev 103 3899 4031... 

Gormin D, Kasha M (1988) Triple fluorescence in aminosalicylates. Modulation of normal, proton-transfer, and twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) fluorescence by physical and chemical perturbations. Chem Phys Lett 153 574-576... 

Keywords Biofluids Chemosensors Emission spectroscopy Mechanosensors Optical properties Polarity Rheology Twisted intramolecular charge transfer Viscosity... 

Rettig W, Lapouyade R (1994) Fluorescence probes based on twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states and other adiabatic photoreactions. Topics in fluorescence spectroscopy 4 109-149... 

Grabowski ZG, Dobkowski J (1983) Twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited states energy and molecular structure. Pure Appl Chem 55(2) 245-252... 

Bulgarevich DS, Kajimoto O, Hara K (1995) High-pressure studies of the viscosity effects on the formation of the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state in 4,4 -diaminodi-phenyl sulfone (DAPS). J Phys Chem 99(36) 13356—13361... 

Jiang Y (1994) pH Dependence of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer(TICT) of p-N, N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid in aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 78 (3) 205-208... 

Hara K, Bulgarevich DS, Kajimoto O (1996) Pressure tuning of solvent viscosity for the formation of twisted intramolecular charge-transfer state in 4, 4 -diaminophenyl sulfone in alcohol solution. J Chem Phys 104(23) 9431-9436... 

Paczkowski J, Neckers DC (1991) Twisted intramolecular charge-transfer phenomenon as a quantitative probe of polymerization kinetics. Macromolecules 24(10) 3013-3016... 

Kim YH, Cho DW, Yoon M, Kim D (1996) Observation of hydrogen-bonding effects on twisted intramolecular charge transfer of p-(N, N-diethylamino) benzoic acid in aqueous cyclodextrin solutions. J Phys Chem 100(39) 15670-15676... 

Molecular rotors are fluorophores characteristic for having a fluorescent quantum yield that strongly depends on the viscosity of the solvent [50], This property relies on the ability to resume a twisted conformation in the excited state (twisted intramolecular charge transfer or TICT state) that has a lower energy than the planar conformation. The de-excitation from the twisted conformation happens via a non-radiative pathway. Since the formation of the TICT state is favored in viscous solvents or at low temperature, the probability of fluorescence emission is reduced under those conditions [51]. Molecular rotors have been used as viscosity and flow sensors for biological applications [52], Modifications on their structure have introduced new reactivity that might increase the diversity of their use in the future [53] (see Fig. 6.7). 

Rettig W. (1982) Application of Simplified Microstructural Solvent Interaction Model to the Solvatochromism of Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) States, /. Mol. Struct. 8, 303-327. 

Rettig W. and Lapouyade R. (1994) Fluorescent Probes Based on Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) States and Other Adiabatic Reactions, in Lakowicz J. R. (Ed.), Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Vol. 4, Probe Design and Chemical Sensing, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 109-149. 

Intramolecular charge transfer in conjugated donor-acceptor molecules may be accompanied by internal rotation leading to TICT (twisted intramolecular charge transfer) states. A dual fluorescence may be observed as in PCT-5 (Letard et al., 1994) (which resembles the well-known DMABN (see section 3.4.4) containing a dimethylamino group instead of the monoaza-15-crown-5) the short-wavelength... 

Fluorescence Probes Based on Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) States and Other Adiabatic Photoreactions... 

W. Rettig and G. Wermuth, The kinetics of formation of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states in p-substituted dialkylanilines Consequences of conical intersections along the reaction coordinate, /. Photochem. 28, 351 (1985). 

Z. R. Grabowski, K. Rotkiewicz, A. Siemiarczuk, D. J. Cowley, and W. Baumann, Twisted intramolecular charge transfer states (TICT). A new class of excited states with a full charge separation, Now. J. Chim. (NewJ. Chem.) 3, 443 (1979). 

J. L. Habib Jiwan and J. P. Soumillion, Electron transfer photochemistry initiated from a twisted intramolecular charge transfer state used as an electron donor and as an acceptor, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 64, 145-158 (1992) J. P. Soumillion, Photoinduced electron transfer implying organic anions, in Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol., Photoinduced Electron Transfer (J. Mattay, ed.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 93-141 (1993). 

M. Van Damme, J. Hofkens, F. G De Schryver, T. G. Ryan, W. Rettig, and A. M. Klock, Solvent dynamics and twisted intramolecular charge transfer in 4-cyano-4 -butyloxybiphenyl (4COB), Tetrahedron 45, 4693-4706 (1989). 

W. Rettig and W. Baumann, Luminescent and nonluminescent twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states Dipole moments and applications, in Photochemistry and Photophysics, Vol. 6 (J. F. Rabek, ed.), pp. 79-134, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (1992). 

---