Triton X-100 detergent

The structure and roles of membrane microdomains (rafts) in cell membranes are under intensive study but many aspects are still unresolved. Unlike in synthetic bilayers (Fig. 2-2), no way has been found to directly visualize rafts in biomembranes [22]. Many investigators operationally define raft components as those membrane lipids and proteins (a) that remain insoluble after extraction with cold 1% Triton X-100 detergent, (b) that are recovered as a low density band that can be isolated by flotation centrifugation and (c) whose presence in this fraction should be reduced by cholesterol depletion. 

Similar to the case of Suzuki couplings (6.1.2), ally lie alkylations can also be run in neat water as solvent in the presence of surfactants. In addition to the general solubihzation effect, the amphiphiles may also have a specific influence on the reaction rate. For example, the reaction of the P-ketoester substrate on Scheme 6.22 with allyl acetate, catalyzed by [Pd(PPh3)4] was only slightly accelerated by the anionic SDS (1.5 h, 18 % yield), however, the reaction rate dramatically increased in the presence of the cationic CTAB and the neutral Triton X-100 detergents, leading to 74 % and 92% yields in 1.5 h and 5 min ( ), respectively [51]. Several other carbonucleophiles were alkylated in such emulsions with excellent yields. 

Urease Soybean AOT, CTAB, Triton X-100, mixed AOT-Triton X-100 detergent free micro emulsions (hexane/iso-propanol/water) Solubilization and catalytic studies [81]... 

In Figure 3, the lower trace shows the separation of 200 ng of three standard proteins (insulin, lysozyme and alpha lactalbumin), without any detergent in the sample. The upper trace shows the same protein standard in a solution of 1.0% Triton X-100 detergent. Since Triton X-100 absorbs in the UV, a very large peak is seen for the detergent, but the peaks for the... 

Triton X-100 detergent extraction of neutrophils separates detergent [418]... 

To analyze nucleoli and other fractions from the step gradient by SDS-PAGE, it is convenient to precipitate proteins with TCA using Triton X-100 detergent... 

The ratio of heparin to nuclear protein was also examined over a range of 2.5-250 /ig heparin per 1 mg of nuclear protein (25 /xg/mg protein is used above), but little change in the protein profile across the step gradient fractions was observed. We note that the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 detergent in the step gradient augments the action of heparin, and reduces the yield of nucleoli dramatically. 

The transient optical spectroscopic data show that the borohydride-treated, spheroidene-reconstituted reaction center sample is less able to form carotenoid triplet states than the native Rb. sphaeroides R26 reaction centers that have been reconstituted with spheroidene to the same extent. However, before these results can be attributed to an involvement of the bacteriochlorophyll monomer in the triplet energy transfer process, it is necessary to provide compelling evidence that spheroidene is bound in a single site, in the same environment and with the same structure in both borohydride-treated and native Rb. sphaeroides R26 reaction center samples. This evidence is provided by the following arguments (1) The absorption spectral features shown in Figs. 1 and 2 for the carotenoid in borohydride-treated and untreated, spheroidene-reconstituted complexes are very similar to each other and very different from the carotenoid in either Triton X-100 detergent or pentane. (See Fig. 3.) (2)... 

Fig. 6. 4.2 K absorpbtion spectra of PS II RC (preparation A) without (solid trace) and with 0.01% (dashed trace), 0.05% (dash-dotted trace) Triton X-100 detergent...

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