Tripneustes gratilla

Echinozoa Echinoidea Echinaces Toxopneustidae (Toxopneustes pileolus Tripneustes gratilla)... 

Venom from the globiferous pedicellariae of sea urchins is lethal to mice, rabbits, crabs, lobsters, and worms 70). Seasonal changes in toxicity of such toxins 71) have been observed. The LD q estimate (mice) for toxic fractions from the urchin Tripneustes gratilla ranged from 0.05-0.5 mg/kg 70). 

Mebs, D. A Toxin from the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Toxicon 22, 306 (1984). 

Suzuki (1989), and a thorough diemotaxonomic study has proposed the subdivision of SAPs into five categories (I-V) that seem specific to the orders of Echinoidea (Suzuki and Yoshino, 1992). In the family Toxopneustidae, the species Tripneustes gratilla is unusual because it is the only one whose SAPs contain ortho, meta, and para isomers of bromophenylalanine (Yoshino et al., 1989 Suzuki and Yoshino, 1992). 

Nakagawa, H., Tomihara, Y, Araki, Y, and Hayashi, H., 1994, Preliminary studies on venom proteins in the pedicellariae of the toxopneustid sea urchins, Toxopneustes pileolus and Tripneustes gratilla. J. Natural Toxins. 3 25-34. 

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