Triple flame

S. H. Chung, Stabilization, propagation and instability of tribrachial triple flames, Proc. Combust. Inst. 31 877-892, 2007. 

P. N. Kioni, B. Rogg, K. N. C. Bray, and A. Linan, Flame spread in laminar mixing layers The triple flame. Combust. Flame 95 276-290,1993. 

D. Veynante, L. Vervisch, T. Poinsot, A. Linan, and G. R. Ruetsch, Triple flame structure and diffusion flame stabilization, Proceedings of the Summer Program, Center for Turbulent Research 55-73,1994. 

J. W. Dold, Flame propagation in a nonuniform mixture Analysis of a slowly varying triple flame. Combust. Flame 76 71-88,1989. 

S. Ghosal and L. Vervisch, Theoretical and numerical study of a symmetrical triple flame using the parabolic flame path approximation, /. Fluid Mech. 415 227-260, 2000. 

T. Plessing, P. Terhoven, N. Peters, and M. S. Mansour, An experimental and numerical study of a laminar triple flame. Combust. Flame 115 335-353, 1998. 

T. Echekki and J. H. Chen, Structure and propagation of methanol-air triple flame. Combust. Flame 114 231-245, 1998. 

J. Lee, S. H. Won, S. H. Jin, S. H. Chung, O. Fujita, and K. Ito, Propagation speed of tribrachial (triple) flame of propane in laminar jets under normal and micro gravity conditions. Combust. Flame 134 411M20,2003. 

T. Echekki, J. -Y. Ghen, and U. Hedge, Numerical investigation of buoyancy effects on triple flame stability. Combust. Sci. Technol. 176(3) 381-407, 2004. 

L. J. Hartley, Structure of laminar triple-flames Implications for turbulent non-premixed combustion, PhD thesis. University of Bristol, 1991. 

Triple and edge flames [12, 13] can be considered as a development of a partially pre-mixed mixture combustion occurring as the result of a non-mixed structure breakdown. They can be observed at the local extinction of a diffusion flame. The triple flame phenomenon was observed in experiments with diffusion combustion of a methane layer located under a horizontal ceiling simulating mine boring conditions [14]. The detailed investigation of such a phenomenon started after a triple flame configuration was discovered in a laminar flame stabilized in an elevated position over the nozzle section. 

H.G. Im, J.H. Chen, Effects of flow strain on triple flame propagation. Combust. Flame 126, 1384-1392 (2001)... 

PF burners and fluid beds best meet requirements for dual- and triple-fuel firing including solid fuel as one option. PF burners are particularly suitable, as no static grate exists to compromise the design. They also have a combustion geometry which is similar to gas and oil, and therefore the flame can be arranged to allow full development of flame shape and maximum radiant heat transfer surface utilization. 

Acetylenes contain at least one triple bond. The triple bond is even more reactive than a double bond and, therefore, acetylene is used industrially to make other compounds used in rubber and plastics. Acetylene burns in oxygen to produce a very hot flame used for welding and metal cutting (oxy-acetylene torch). 

The first and most prominent source is known as thermal NO or Zeldovich-NO. The label thermal refers to the high temperatures required to break the N2 triple bond in its reaction with O atom and its location of appearance in a flame. 

Panel tests for a more flammable substrate by an order of magnitude, while more flame retardant substrates can see a tripling of the value. 

Triple-base propellants are made by the addition of crystalUne nitroguanidine (NQ) to double-base propellants, similar to the way in which nitramine is added to CMDB propellants as described in the preceding section. Since NQ has a relatively high mole fraction of hydrogen within its molecular structure, the molecular mass of the combustion products becomes low even though the flame temperature is reduced. Table 4.13 shows the chemical composition, adiabatic flame temperature, and thermodynamic energy,/ as defined in Eq. (1.84), of a triple-base propellant at 10 MPa (NC 12.6% N). 

Figure 2.4 Comparison of (a) sensitivity, (b) variability, (c) selectivity, and (d) pricing between various chemical and immunological analyses for the presence of PPCPs in the environment. FID = flame ionization detector and EC = electrochemical detection. Note that GC-MS-MS can have mass detectors such as triple quadrupole and ion trap with ionization from El = electron ionization or Cl = chemical ionization, whereas LC-MS-MS with ionization from ESI = electrospray ionization, APCI = atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, or APPI = atmospheric pressure photoionization. (Adapted from Ingerslev and HaUing-Sprensen, 2003.)...

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