Tributaries

Industrial emissions of PCBs to the lakes via rivers, tributaries, and connecting channels have been a significant source in many places. Local areas with very high PCB concentrations have been identified throughout the basin (see Table 3 and Fig. 7 for examples of sediment and stream concentrations). In some cases, local contamination with PCBs alone or in combination with other contaminants has been linked to adverse effects in wildlife [77,197-199]. For example, mink living near a contaminated reach of the Kalamazoo River in Michigan displayed lesions of the jaw known to be caused by PCB-126 and 2,3,7,8-lclrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [77], as mentioned earlier. 

---

Zufluss, m. flow, flux, afflux, influx, inflow (Tech.) feed reaoiirces (of a stream) tributary, -behalter, m. feed tank, feed vessel, -rohr, n. supply tube or pipe, feed pipe. 

Figure 9. Massive landslide near headwaters of the Molalla River, Oregon, a tributary of the Willamette River. The landslide occurred on the lower slope during the winter following the building of two log roads associated with clear-cutting activity.

However, not all the chloride is cyclic, a fact first appreciated in recent years. An example comes from a detailed study of river geochemistry conducted in the Amazon Basin. In the inland regions, rains typically have a chloride content of 10 pM, while major inland tributaries have chloride contents of 20-100 pM. These data suggest that only 25% of the Cl is cyclic, whereas 75% is derived by weathering of evaporites. Indeed, 90% of this 75% can be shown to have its origin in the Andean headwaters, derived from evaporites that make up only 2% of the area of the Amazon Basin (Stallard and Edmond, 1981). As the ratio of sulfate to chloride in evaporite deposits is generally much higher... 

Fig. 7 Comparison of observed present AF in the Sau Reservoir and results of the AF model solved assuming a decrease in surface runoff by 20-40% during the present century, and an additional effect of lack of dilution of labile DOC in the tributary. Shaded areas represent uncertainty of predictions...

Kistemann T, ClaPen T, Koch C et al (2002) Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 2188-2197... 

Wiegel S, Aulinger A, Brockmeyer R, Harms H, Loffler J, Reincke H, Schmidt R, Stachel B, Von Tampling W, Wanke A (2004) Pharmaceuticals in the river Elhe and its tributaries. Chemosphere 57 107-126... 

De Vault DS. 1985. Contaminants in fish from Great Lakes harbors and tributary mouths. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 14 587-594. 

Hurley JP, Cowell SE, Shafer MM, Hughes PE. 1998. Tributary loading of mercury to Lake Michigan importance of seasonal events and phase partitioning. Sci Total Environ 213 129-137. 

Figure 23. Relationship between ( Ra/ Ra) ratios and Sr/ Sr isotopic ratio in the dissolved load of the Ganges main stream and its tributaries. Radium data from Sarin et al. (1990), Sr data from Palmer and Edmond (1992).

The vasculature is established by the 18th day of gestation in rats, and comes from the arterial supply as the anterior cerebral vessel, eventually entering the basal lamina via septal tributaries of the olfactory artery (Szabo, 1988). Unlike the MOE, the organ s capillaries penetrate in loops into the neuroepithelium. Blood from the vomeronasal complex arrives for collection in the vomeronasal vein, as described earlier [Fig. 2.11(a)]. The establishment of the highly vascular columnar complexes seen in the ophidian organ has not been correlated with functional development (c.f. Wang and Halpem, 1980 Holtzman and Halpem, 1990). 

Surface water information, including drainage patterns (overland flow, topography, channel flow pattern, tributary relationships, soil erosion, and sediment transport and deposition), surface water bodies (flow, stream widths and depths, channel elevations, flooding tendencies, and physical dimensions of surface water impoundments structures surface water/ groundwater relationships), and surface water quality (pH, temperature, total suspended solid, salinity, and specific contaminant concentrations)... 

Stoeber H, Eberle SH (1974) Organic Acids in the Rhine and Some of its Tributaries. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, KFK 1969 UF, pp 58-81... 

Fig. 1 Map of the Ebro River watershed showing the main cities and tributaries. The position of the Ebro with respect to the Iberian Peninsula is also indicated...

---