Trematode infections treatment

Niclofolan has been used to treat trematode infections, including clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, and paragonimiasis. Sweating, generalized pains, and transient rises in serum transaminase activities have been reported with niclofolan in the treatment of pulmonary infections due to Paragonimus uterobilaterali (SEDA-11, 597) (1). 

Although a number of salicylanihde anthelmintics have been developed, most of them find use in the treatment of cestode and trematode infections in domestic animals. Niclosamide (4) is the only drug which has been extensively used to cure cestode infections in human. 

Answer D. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for treatment of all fluke (trematode) infections and most tapeworm (cestode) infections. Its antihelminthic action derives from an increase in membrane permeability to Ca, which results in contraction, followed by paralysis, of worm musculature. Mebendazole also has antihelminthic activity, hut it is restricted to the nematodes. The other drugs listed are antiprotozoals. 

Praziquantel (9.124), a synthetic isoquinoline-pyrazine derivative, is effective for the treatment of schistosome infections it is also effective against trematode and cestode infestations. This agent increases membrane permeability to Ca + in the nematode, causing paralysis, dislodgement, and death of the worm. 

Praziquantel is effective in the treatment of schistosome infections of all species and most other trematode and cestode infections, including cysticercosis. The drug s safety and effectiveness as a single oral dose have also made it useful in mass treatment of several infections. 

Praziquantel (biltricide, distocide) is a pyrazinoisoquinoline derivative. Infections with many different cestodes and trematodes respond favorably to this agent, whereas nematodes generally are unaffected. Praziquantel treatment of patients coinfected with schistosomes and hookworms reduces hookworm prevalence and infection intensities (egg counts) significantly. 

Identify the drugs of choice for treatment of common infections caused by nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes. 

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