Transrectal ultrasound

For urethral overactivity and/or bladder underactivity, digital rectal exam or transrectal ultrasound should be performed to rule out prostate enlargement. Renal function tests should be performed to rule out renal failure. 

Treating prostate cancer in its early stage should be an effective means of achieving long-term survival. However, the non-invasive diagnostic tests currently available, i.e. digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, and... 

Step 2. Calculate the likelihood ratio of the new information (findings of the transrectal ultrasound). Screening studies on urology patients report sensitivities of approximately 92% and specificities that range from 30% to 70% (average 50%) for transrectal ultrasound. The likelihood ratio positive is the sensitivity divided by (1 - specificity), or 0.92/0.50 - 1.8. 

Many other tests can be performed if additional information is needed to assess the severity of BPH disease and its complications, or assist in the preoperative assessment of the patient, including a voiding cystometrogram, transrectal ultrasound of the prostate, intravenous pyelogram, renal ultrasound, and prostate biopsy. 

Figure 14. Uses of isotropic optical fiber fluence probes for different applications, (a) interstitial probes placed into dog prostate during an intraoperative experimental procedure (courtesy Drs F. Hetzel and Q. Chen, Denver, USA) source fibers irradiating the prostate surface, bladder and bowel are also seen, (b) a probe on the surface of a transrectal ultrasound applicator to monitor the rectal dose during interstitial PDT of prostate cancer, (c) corresponding interstitial probes placed into the prostate, along with source fibers, through a template (courtesy Dr J. Trachtenberg, Toronto, Canada).

Marusch F, Koch A.Schmidt U et al (2002) Routine use of transrectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma result of prospective multi-center study. Endoscopy 34 385-390... 

Transrectal ultrasound is the most sensitive technique for per-operative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer. Major limitations of this technique include the complexity of image interpretation and the inabihty to examine stenotic tumors or to identify recurrent rectal cancer therefore, Hunerbein and Schlag (1997)... 

Magee BJ, Logue JP, Swindell R, McHugh D (1991) TU-mour size as a prognostic factor in carcinoma of the cervix assessment by transrectal ultrasound. Br J Radiol 64 812-815... 

Yuen, J.S.P., Thng, C.H., Tan, P.H., et al. (2004) Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy for the Detection of Tumor Foci in Men with Prior Negative Transrectal Ultrasound Prostate Biopsy, J. Urology, 171, 1482-68. 

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