Transport-related gene

Figure 6.4. Organization of the hydrogenase genes of B. japonicum. The nickel-transport related genes hupNOP located 5 of hupUV are not shown.

Glutamate transporters in brain are coded by five different but closely related genes, SLC1A1-4 and SLC1A6. There are several trivial names for each of the corresponding proteins. The transporters can all symport one Glu, with three Na+ and one H+, and antiport one K+ within each cycle, but they differ in their cellular expression. 

Gelernter J, Cubells JF, Kidd JR, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK (1999) Population studies of polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter protein gene. Am J Med Genet 88 61-66 Hahn MK, Blakely RD (2002) Monoamine transporter gene structure and polymorphisms in relation to psychiatric and other complex disorders. Pharmacogenomics J 2 217-235 HeUs A, Teufel A, Petri S, et al (1996) Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. J Neurochem 66 2621-2624... 

Hall DH, Hedgecock EM. 1991. Kinesin-related gene unc-104 is required for axonal transport of synaptic vesicles in C. elegans. Cell 65 837M7... 

Figure 4. Organization of representative type 1, II, and III polyketide synthases. Upper modular arrangement of DEBS 1,2,3 subunits Center orientation and arrangement of open reading frames in actinorhodin gene cluster Lower chalcone synthase subunit. AT, acyltransferase ACP, acyl carrier protein KS, ketosynthase KR, ketoreductase DH, dehydratase ER, enoyl reductase TE, thioesterase TA, tailoring enzyme R/T, regulatory/transport related AR aromatase CY, cyclase.

Transporters are membrane proteins that control the influx of essential nutrients and ions and the efflux of cellular waste, environmental toxins, and other xenobiotics. Approximately 6% of genes in the human genome encode transporters or transporter-related proteins. Drug-transporting proteins contribute to both therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs (Figure 2-1). 

Violence is the result of interactions of innate genetic factors and environmental factors. For example, criminals in Taipei had abnormalities of the gene encoding the 5-HTT (serotonin transporter) related to violent criminal behavior (Liaoa, 2004). Serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) transporters in violent criminals were found to be less than in sex-matched healthy controls, when studied with single-photon emission tomography and iodine-123-carbomethoxy-4-iodophenyl tropane ( l-CIT) (Tiihonen et al.. University of Kuopio, Finland). Richard J. Davidson et al. of the University of Wisconsin showed that the serotonergic projections in the prefrontal cortex are dysfunctional in persons who are impulsively violent. 

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