Translocation product analysis

In a series of papers, we have proposed the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis, the only unified and detailed molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis to date [16-20,56] which addresses the issues of ion translocation in Fq [16, 20, 56], ionmotive torque generation in Fq [16, 20, 56], torque transmission from Fq to Fj [17,18], energy storage in the enzyme [17], conformational changes in Fj [18], and the catalytic cycle of ATP synthesis [18, 19]. We have also studied the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of ATP synthesis [19,20,41,42,56]. A kinetic scheme has been developed and mathematically analyzed to obtain a kinetic model relating the rate of ATP synthesis to pHjn and pH m in the Fq portion and the adenine nucleotide concentrations in the Fj portion of ATP synthase. Analysis of these kinetic models reveals a wealth of mechanistic details such as the absence of cooperativity in the Fj portion of ATP synthase, order of substrate binding and product release events, and kinetic inequivalence of ApH and Aip. 

Fig. 6. Physical detection of reciprocal translocations. The chromosomes shown are identical to those in Fig. S. Vertical arrows represent recognition sites for a single restriction enzyme horizontal arrows correspond to synthetic oligonucleotide primers and lines below the chromosomes indicate the sizes of restriction or PCR fragments. In (A), the alteration in restriction fragment size as a result of exchange is illustrated. Such alterations can be detected by Southern analysis using the duplicated sequence as a probe. In (B), the production of a PCR product from one of the exchange chromosomes is illustrated. Neither parental chromosome directs synthesis of a PCR product.

Mitschik S, Schierl R, Nowak D et al (2008) Effects of particulate matter on cytokine production in vitro a comparative analysis of published studies. Inhalation Toxicol 20 399-414 Mtiller W, Felten K, Sommerer K et al (2008) Deposition, retention, and translocation of ultrafine particles from the central airways and lung periphery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 426 32... 

Gupta, R. B., and K. W. Shepherd. 1993. Production of multiple wheat-rye IRS translocation stocks and genetic analysis of LMW subunits of glutenin and gliadins using these stocks. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 85 719-728. 

---