Transition liquid condensed-extended

The LE one-phase region extends from the end of the first plateau to the start of the second. At this point, a phase transition takes place to another condensed phase, called the liquid-condensed (LC) phase. In the literature on phospholipids, the LE-LC transition region is called the main transition. 

Reactions in solution proceed in a similar manner, by elementary steps, to those in the gas phase. Many of the concepts, such as reaction coordinates and energy barriers, are the same. The two theories for elementary reactions have also been extended to liquid-phase reactions. The TST naturally extends to the liquid phase, since the transition state is treated as a thermodynamic entity. Features not present in gas-phase reactions, such as solvent effects and activity coefficients of ionic species in polar media, are treated as for stable species. Molecules in a liquid are in an almost constant state of collision so that the collision-based rate theories require modification to be used quantitatively. The energy distributions in the jostling motion in a liquid are similar to those in gas-phase collisions, but any reaction trajectory is modified by interaction with neighboring molecules. Furthermore, the frequency with which reaction partners approach each other is governed by diffusion rather than by random collisions, and, once together, multiple encounters between a reactant pair occur in this molecular traffic jam. This can modify the rate constants for individual reaction steps significantly. Thus, several aspects of reaction in a condensed phase differ from those in the gas phase ... 

Due to its success describing both the solid and liquid phases of nitromethane as well as its reliability and transferability for a large number of important energetic materials, Sorescu et al. [137] indicated that this set of potentials can be further extended to investigate the energy transfer, the solid-liquid phase transitions, or different reactions in condensed phase. 

The concept of the Raman echo extends back to Hartmann in 1968 (27), and a few early experiments were performed on gas-phase electronic (28,29) and vibrational (30) transitions. However, it was the paper by Loring and Mukamel in 1985 that pointed out the importance of the Raman echo for studying condensed-phase vibrational dephasing (26). Initial attempts to perform the Raman echo in liquids failed (31), but technical improvements allowed the first successful Raman echo experiment in a liquid in 1991 (3). 

In practice, as samples are usually in the form of condensed (liquid) or solid phases, pure or in solution and not in the form of isolated species, numerous dipole-dipole interactions are produced between the species present, which perturb both the energy levels and the absorption wavelengths. Thus a spectrum is always in the form of broadened signals called bands which extend over tens of cm , which common apparatus are unable to separate into individual transitions. 

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