Transition broadening

The phase-transition temperature, 7 , and the width of transition, A7j/2, were operationally defined based on EPR data, as shown in Figure 10.6a. As a rule, in the presence of polar carotenoids the phase transition broadens and shifts to lower temperatures (Subczynski et al. 1993, Wisniewska et al. 2006). The effects on Tm are the strongest for dipolar carotenoids, significantly weaker for monopolar carotenoids, and negligible for nonpolar carotenoids. The effects decrease with the increase of membrane thickness. Additionally, the difference between dipolar and monopolar carotenoids decreases for thicker membranes (Subczynski and Wisniewska 1998, Wisniewska et al. 2006). These effects for lutein, P-cryptoxanthin, and P-carotene are illustrated in Figure 10.6b... 

B. Characteristic Temperatures of Polymerization and Glass Formation, Transition Broadening, and Fragility... 

For this purpose, the dynamic mechanical properties of a series of 25/75 in situ SIM IPNs have been investigated (Figure 5). With 1% OcSn, the tan 8 vs temperature curve shows a classical shape, as for in situ SEQ IPNs and corroborates the kinetic results two separated transitions, broadened and damped, exist (10). The lower transition corresponding to the polyurethane phase, is shifted... 

In addition, lower symmetry components to the ligand field often have a considerable effect upon the lowest energy spin-allowed transition broadening and perhaps shifting the absorption maximum. 

From Figure 2 it is clear that the onset temperature of the coil-to-helix transition is independent of the fraction of v-units present in the sample. For all v-contents probed in this study the onset temperature is found to be 86 °C. The helical fraction in fully transformed material decreases monotonously with increasing v-content. The sharpness of the transition broadens with increasing v-content. The latter is comparable with experimental results and theoretical... 

Figure 8 Li spectra of hydrated Li -hectorite. The loss of the outer transitions upon cooling is attributed to loss of some motional averaging. The central transition broadens becau.se of dipolar coupling of H in water. (From Ref. 45.)...

Good collimation of the filter beam path is essential also for fluorescence detection in a DOT setup. To separate the fluorescence from the much stronger excitation light, an extremely steep long-pass interference filter has to be used. If this filter is not used in a parallel beam, the filter transition broadens towards shorter wavelengths, with disastrous effect on the blocking of the excitation light. 

Figure 12.41. Schematic showing storage modulus G and dissipation factor tan 5 as a function of temperature for two cases of filler-matrix systems I, case of simple volume replacement and stiffening by filler, with no effect on relaxation behavior of filled polymer F II, case of volume replacement and stiffening with an effect of filler on relaxation behavior. (No attempt has been made to illustrate specific effects such as transition broadening, enhanced stiffening in the rubbery region, or additional peaks due to bound resin.)...

In ion spectroscopy, however, the ions are under acceleration between collisions and, depending on the condition, the resonance may not last for the whole collision interval. This fact introduces a new source of uncertainty broadening which I call here transit" broadening (the quotation mark is to discriminate this effect from the usual transit time broadening which is much smaller). 

DMPC/cholesterol (50mol%) T 2800-3000 1064-1130 Transition broadened Spiker and Levin (1975)... 

Mixed donor-acceptor monomers. The glass transition temperature of FAIR polymerized with 1 wt-% of TPO as photo-initiator gradually increases with irradiation time (Fig. 7) and conversion (Fig. 8). Furthermore, the glass transition broadens as the crosslinking proceeds due to increasing heterogeneity within the material. For a final conversion of... 

Figure 534. (a) Storage modulus of PET yarn from fibers drawn to various draw ratios. The storage modulus increases with increasing draw ratio (note that 1 dyn/cm = 0.1 Pa) the draw ratio is indicated at each curve (b) Loss tangents for PET yams from fibers drawn to various draw ratios. As the orientation (i.e., draw ratio) and crystalUnity increase, the glass transition broadens and becomes more shallow the draw ratio is indicated at each curve. [Plots (a) and (b) both from Miller and Murayama (1984) reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.]... 

We will first describe spectroscopy on collimated atomic beams and on kinematically compressed ion beams. Two groups of nonlinear spectroscopic tecliniques will be discussed saturation techniques and two-photon absorption techniques. We will also deal with the optical analogy to the Ramsey fringe technique (Sect. 7.1.2). In a subsequent section (Sect. 9.8) laser cooling and atom- and ion-trap techniques will be discussed. Here, the particles are basically brought to rest, ehminating the Doppler as well as the transit broadening effects. 

Fig. 3.17 Effects of prolonged aging at 300 C on the low-temperature spiedfic heat of Tl-V(15 at.%). The relative height of the spedfic-heat jump for specimens with broad transitions may be graphically estimated by ectrapolaling data above and below the superconductive transition to a vertical line positioned at the transition midpoint (see, for example, the dashed line for the 300-h aging result). As aging proceeds, the transition broadens, the jump height decreases, but inaeases [ColT. ...

Lamb dip stabilization onto very narrow saturation peaks allows one to achieve a very good frequency stability, especially when pressure or power broadening or transit broadening can be minimized, as in the case of the 3.39 ym He-Ne laser stabilized onto a CH transition. 

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