Transformation of substance and

The term dynamics is derived from the word dynamis, the Greek word for force. In physics, dynamics is the study of forces and the changes caused by them. The field of mechanics uses this word in particular when dealing with the motion of bodies and the reasons why they move. This term is then expanded to other areas and is reflected in such expressions as hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, or electrodynamics. When we discuss the field of matter dynamics we will generally be talking about transformations of substances and the forces driving them. States of equilibrium (treated in the field of statics, also called chemical thermodynamics ) will be covered in addition to the temporal course of transformations (kinetics) or the effects of electrical fields (electrochemistry). 

Concept of Chemical Kinetics Chemical kinetics or simply kinetics is the area of chemistry that deals with the temporal course of transformations of substances and the intermediate steps involved in it, especially the... 

Cracking of pentene-2 was investigated at 670 C and 1 atm in a plug flow reactor (Kunzru et al, IECPDD 2 339, 1963). The product was a mixture of substances and was characterized simply by the number of mols produced per -mol of reactant transformed. 

In the field of inorganic chemistry an important group of substances and transformations is represented by the intermetallic compounds (or phases) and by the reactions among metallic elements. 

In this article attention will be directed mainly toward the more modern work on the chemical transformations of sucrose and the substances that can easily be obtained from it. 

Alchemy always had a strong experimental side. In their endless quest for the Philosopher s Stone, alchemists burnt, distilled, melted, and condensed all manner of substances and stumbled across many technologically important new compounds, such as phosphorus and nitric acid. But in the l600s there appeared a transitional group of natural philosophers whose primary objective was no longer to conduct the Great Work of alchemical transformation but to study and understand matter at a more... 

Chemistry deals with structure, properties and transformations of substances. 

Of course, the above list gives only the most important cases. What is obvious is that the prospective combination of catalysis and chemical conjugation methods will give a new direction for the selective transformation of substances by the oxidation mechanism. 

With the balance for the number of available forms of active centers of a catalyst, the concentrations and, correspondingly, the thermodynamic mshes of the reaction complexes catalytic intermediates)—that is, the thermalized intermediate compounds of the reactant molecule (or molecular fragment) with the active center—appear interrelated through these balance relations in respect of each type of active center. The balance is of primary importance to the kinetics of the stepwise transformations and causes a number ofpecuHarities of the stationary kinetics of the stepwise processes. This makes the kinetic description of the catalytic transformations differ considerably from the descrip tion of the preceding schemes of noncatalytic reactions. For example, in the simplest catalytic stepwise transformation of substance R to substance P,... 

Cytotoxic effector substances produced by certain immune cells (such as -NO) that result in killing of their targets, typically abnormal cells or invading pathogen Denitrification the microbial transformation of nitrite and nitrate to N2... 

Tuhela L, Carlson L, Tuovinen OH (1997) Biogeochemical transformations of Fe and Mn in oxic groundwater and well water environments. J Environ Sci Health, A. Environ Sci Engin Toxic Hazardous Substance Control 32 407-426... 

Chemistry deals with the nature (structure) and transformations of substances. Geochemistry deals with the nature (structure) and transformations of substances proper to the geosphere. Geochemistry of oil shales deals with the nature (structure) and the natural tran formations of oil shales. This is a very general definition. If we go further, looking for the fundamental objectives of the geochem istry of oil shales, we can say that they are ... 

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