Transfer of Liquefied Gases

DEWARS [see also TANKS, TRANSFER OF LIQUEFIED GASES]... 

Resistance-Temperature Scaling of Carbon-Composition Thermometers (2) 104 TRANSFER OF LIQUEFIED GASES [see also DEWARS, LINES, PUMPING SYSTEMS]... 

The Transfer of Liquefied Gases (1) 87 A Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases (1) 95 Safety Engineering as Applied to the Handling of Liquefied Atmospheric Gases (1) 291... 

R. B. Jacobs, R. J. Richards, and S. B. Schwartz, "The transfer of liquefied gases," 1954 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Proceedings. 

The problem to be solved was that of providing a better liquid transfer pipeline than was available at the time. Lines of this type are needed not only by the producer of liquefied gases but also by some of the larger customers. 

For liquids with low boiling points, such as most liquefied gases, the vaporization rate is normally driven by the rate of heat transfer from the ground by conduction and, to a lesser extent, by wind speed. Evaporation and boiling rates vary with time as the pool and the surface beneath it are cooled. The ground temperature is strongly influenced by ambient temperature, solar radiation and wind conditions prior to the spill. 

All the transfer operations of liquefied refrigerated medicinal gases from primary storage should be in accordance with a written procedure designed to avoid any contamination. 

In the deduction of the explosive combustion, study of liquid and solid explosives separately is not a must. When heat is transferred to the solids, they start to liquefy. And the liquids follow the above combustion rules. Figure 2.2 indicates that the combustion of condensed explosives is similar to that of flammable gases under steady condition. The only difference is that for gas combustion aU mixtures are gases while the gases are obtained by evaporation of liquids. 

Examples of pressure-relief devices include the mpture-disk t)q)e used with closed-system vessels and the spring-loaded safety valves used with vessels for transferring liquefied gases. The following precautions are advisable in the... 

Mechanical Properties of Insulating Plastic Foams at Low Temperatures (4) 132 The Performance of Glass Fiber Insulation under High Vacuum (4) 141 A Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases (4) 326 Economic and Design Considerations for a 650 Foot High Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line (4) 335... 

After the sample is frozen, the entire apparatus is evacuated by opening the stopcock. When the evacuation is complete, the stopcock is closed, and the Dewar flask is removed. The sample is allowed to thaw, and then it is frozen again. This freeze-thaw-freeze cycle removes any air or gases fhat were trapped in the frozen sample. Next, the stopcock is opened to evacuate the system again. When the second evacuation is complete, the stopcock is closed, and the Dewar flask is moved to the other arm to cool the empty container. As the sample warms, it will vaporize, travel to the other side, and be frozen or liquefied by the cooling solution. This transfer of the liquid from one arm to the other may take quite a while, but no heating is required. 

Cylinder valve outlet and inlet connections, cylinder ancillary equipment connections, transfer connections, and regulator connections have been standardized by the industry for the handling of specific types of compressed and liquefied gases and to prevent the misapplication of these potentially hazardous materials. Users of compressed gases are cautioned not to tamper with or replace connections supplied by an authorized gas supplier. 

The apparatus used to calibrate sharp-edged orifices with liquefied gases is shown in Figures 1 and 2. It consists of a supply dewar and weighing device a vacuum-insulated transfer... 

In the design of piping systems for liquefied gases there are two areas in which the engineer is handicapped by the lack of adequate information. These are steady-state, two-phase, single-component fluid flow and transient fluid flow of the type which occurs during the cooldown of transfer systems. The objective of the investigation described here is to provide some of the information required for the solution of problems in the first area. 

In the design and construction of containers for low temperature liquefied gases, the primary effort is usually directed at minimizing heat transfer to the cold liquid. Designs where other factors are more important still endeavor to obtain minimum heat leak consistent with the other more significant considerations,... 

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