Tram lines

Around 1890 about 100 tram lines were run by direet eurrent in Germany and well over 500 in Ameriea. In 1981 there were only 33 sueh loeal trams in the Federal Republie and 25 in the German... 

Scrap iron is seldom used as anode material today. When applied, it includes old steel girders, pipes, tram lines or railway lines (30 to 50 kg m ) which are welded... 

As late as 1937, following the disastrous military exercises of that year, the noted military commentator Captain B.H. Liddell Hart wrote in The Times of 27 September The ruling minds in the W.O. are still running on 1914 tram lines . Even Neville Chamberlain, certainly no Man of War, was to comment that, The obstinacy of some of the Army heads in sticking to obsolete methods is incredible. ... 

The trans cinnamic acid and phenyl propiolic acid data involve fits of essentially the same precision at o-, m-, and p- positions (SD =. 05 . 02). However, the RMS of these sets is quite low, and consequently, / values of. 200 prevail. The interpretation of these results is therefore uncertain. To the extent that the results of Table VII are meaningful, it is of particular interest that Kj =p°Ip =. 68 for the phenyl propiolic acid, whereas for the tram cinnamic acids, K° = 1.02. These results suggest that in contrast to the ortho substituted benzoic acids, the lines of field forces in the ortho substituted phenyl propiolic acids do (partly at least) penetrate regions of hi dielectric solvent. The results for the tram cinnamic acids would then indicate some (but not complete) exclusion of solvent resulting from the presence of the vinyl hydrogens. These interesting results from the application of eq. (1) clearly need to be confirmed by additional studies. 

Fig. 11.6 The ratio of acid dissociation constant for benzoic acid CgHsCOOL as a function of D atom fraction in the solvent. The data are those of Lowe, B. M. and Smith, D. G., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Tram. 71, 389 (1975) as determined by EMF (circles) and conductance squares). The heavy line is the prediction of Equation 11.61 with 1 = 0.69, 4> = 1.02 and pKH = 4.201. The lighter line shows the linear approximation...

SN 1997ef is a very unusual supernova, to judge by its light curve and spec-tram. Hydrogen is striking by its absence. Oxygen and iron absorption lines are abnormally broad. 

If Ha and H6 are trans to each other, and Hc and are tram to each other, we say the configuration is trans-trans. The natural-abundance C13 FT NMR spectrum with protons decoupled shows 12 lines. How many lines would occur for each of the following configurations (a) trans-trans (b) cis-trans (c) cis-cis. 

Figure 25 Projection of the potential energy surface for [Mfunidentate A)2(unidentate B)4] on to the dA-dB plane (in degrees). The five faint contour lines are For successive 0,02 increments in Xabove the minimum, and the five heavy contour lines are for successive 0.2 increments above the minimum, at T. R = 0.7. The positions of the cis (C) and tram isomers (T) are shown...

For banks of in-line tubes,/for isothermal flow is obtained from Fig. 6-43. Average deviation from available data is on the order of 15 percent. For tube spacings greater than 3Dt, the charts of Gram, Mackey, and Monroe (Tram. ASME, 80, 25-35 [1958]) can be used. As an approximation, the pressure drop can be taken as 0.32 velocity head (based on Vm ) per row of tubes (Lapple, et al., Fluid and Particle Mechanics, University of Delaware, Newark, 1954). 

Detailed interaction studies have been performed with the neuroleptic drugs cis-and trans-flupentixol. These stereoisomers, like trifluoperazine, act as modifiers of multidrug resistance in tumor cell lines, in which it has been observed that the trans isomer is about three times as potent as the cis form. Surprisingly, it was found that, in the case of these two stereoisomers, the slope of the curve 1/T2 vs. lecithin concentration is different. The steeper slope for tram-flu perilixol suggests that it interacts about twice as strongly with lecithin as does cis-flupentixol (Figure 3.38) [133],... 

Several projects are now running in the field of traction applications. For example, tram supply without catenary (overhead lines), voltage drop compensation for weak distribution network, or big diesel locomotive engine cranking. 

---