Toxicity of carbon monoxide

In order to achieve high yields, the reaction usually is conducted by application of high pressure. For laboratory use, the need for high-pressure equipment, together with the toxicity of carbon monoxide, makes that reaction less practicable. The scope of that reaction is limited to benzene, alkyl substituted and certain other electron-rich aromatic compounds. With mono-substituted benzenes, thepara-for-mylated product is formed preferentially. Super-acidic catalysts have been developed, for example generated from trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride the application of elevated pressure is then not necessary. 

Matijak-Schaper, M., and Y.Alarie. 1982. Toxicity of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and low oxygen. Combust. Technol. 9 21-61. 

Safety aspects. The toxicity of carbon monoxide, methyl iodide, and heavy metals is well known. The safety precautions to be taken for working with CO and high pressures are well recognised. It should be borne in mind that the MAC value for a common substance such as acetic acid is extremely low. 

Caution. Because of the toxicity of carbon monoxide and ruthenium carbonyl compounds, all manipulations should be carried out in an efficient fume hood, wearing gloves and eye protection. 

Caution. Because of the known toxicity of carbon monoxide, this reaction should be conducted in a well-ventilated fume hood. 

Caution. The reaction must be run in a well-ventilated hood owing to the toxicity of carbon monoxide. 

Caution. Due to the toxicity of mercury compounds, both starting materials and products must be handled with care to avoid any skin contact. Due to the toxicity of carbon monoxide gas, this reaction must also be carried out in a well-ventilated hood. 

What is the underlying basis of the toxicity of carbon monoxide What would you consider to be a dangerous concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere in a factory Show your calculations. (Haldanes constant=240 oxygen concentration in air=21%.)... 

In the 19th-century days of gas lamps, water gas was frequently used for domestic purposes, a practice fraught with danger because of the extreme toxicity of carbon monoxide (see Chapter 19). The ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in water gas... 

Chemical equilibria are important in numerous biological and environmental processes. For example, equilibria involving O2 molecules and the protein hemoglobin play a crucial role in the transport and delivery of oxygen from our lungs to our muscles. Similar equilibria involving CO molecules and hemoglobin account for the toxicity of carbon monoxide. 

F.M. Esposito and Y. Alarie, Inhalation toxicity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide gases released during the thermal decomposition of polymers, Journal of Fire Sciences, 6, 195-242, 1988. 

Studies to determine whether the rates of formation and elimination of COHb will increase under hyperbaric conditions. Such studies should be conducted because carbon monoxide exerts its toxic effects by reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Thus, the ratio of the pressure of carbon monoxide and the pressure of oxygen will determine the toxicity of carbon monoxide. This ratio will not be affected by absolute pressure. 

Moss, R.H., C.FJackson, and J.Seiberlich. 1951. Toxicity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide gas mixtures. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 4 53-64. 

French physiologist Claude Bernard (1857) was perhaps the first to describe the toxicity of carbon monoxide. In 1846, he forced a dog to inhale CO of course the dog died and on autopsy he noted that the blood was crimson color in all the heart chambers as well as in the veins (Bernard, 1865). Claude Bernard correctly assumed that the crimson color was due to excess of oxygen in the blood. It was left to the celebrated British physiologist J.S. Haldane (1860-1936), to whom this chapter is dedicated, to identify car-boxyhemoglobin (COHb) and determine its chemical nature (Haldane, 1895a). 

Matijak-Schaper M and Alarie Y (1982). Toxicity of carbon monoxide hydrogen cyanide and low oxygen. J Combust Toxicol, 9, 21-61. 

Carbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin and myoglobin. How does this affinity reflect the toxicity of carbon monoxide ... 

Carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas, liquefying at -191.5°. It is readily available, at pressures of up to about 100 bar, in a variety of cylinder sizes, so that experiments can be run at 80 bar without a compressor. The acute toxicity of carbon monoxide reflects its high affinity for hemoglobin. It is stated" that 400-500 ppm of carbon monoxide in air can be breathed for an hour without appreciable effect, while levels above 1000 ppm are dangerous, and at more than 4000 ppm it causes death within an hour. The previously cited reference gives a Threshold Limit Value of 50 ppm. Carbon monoxide must always be used in an efficient fume cupboard, keeping emissions into the laboratory atmo-... 

Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide - The heme pocket can bind some other small molecules besides 02. 

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