Toward development of environmentally benign processes

The recent demand for making synthetic processes more environmentally benign and atom efficient enhances the requirement for replacing the conventional stoichiometric systems with catalytic ones. Even when a catalytic process can be realized, it is desirable to develop a system where wastes are not released. 

When an organic substrate has a functional group to interact with a transition 

Interaction of an acetyl arene with ruthenium is assisted by binding of the carbonyl group, which brings the ortho hydrogen close to ruthenium and leads to the oxidative addition with the C-H bond cleavage. The process is followed by olefin insertion and reductive eUmination to liberate the product. 

Various attempts have been made to make these catalytic processes more environmentally benign. Processes that can be practiced in aqueous media [145], biphasic system [146] or ionic liquid [147] have attracted increasing attention and will gain further importance. 

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