Torque-time

Gears are used almost entirely in rotary motion applications, and as such it is easier to discuss the mechanical advantage as a multiplication of torque rather than as a multiplication of force. The work involved in rotary motion is torque times angle whereas for the linear motion discussed above, it is force times distance. 

FIGURE 11.8 Torque time curves for two-step reaction. (From Naskar, M., Debnath, S.C., and Basu, D.K., Rubber Chem. TechnoL, 75, 309, 2002.)... 

Finally, the distribution of solid particles across the gap may not be uniform if the fibers separated out of the suspension. Therefore, based on the previous reasoning, it is concluded that the stress method does not offer a reliable and accurate way to measure yield stress in filamentous suspensions. Figure 5 shows the typical torque-time relationship obtained with the helical impeller method for corn stover suspensions. 

The vane yield stress technique is a useful technique that applies small deformations in the initial stages and large deformations in the latter stages. From the initial linear portion of the torque-time curve at a low shear rate, for example, 0.01 s , the shear modulus (G) can be calculated as ... 

The area under the torque-time curve is related to the energy of mixing and can be used as an end-point parameter. Area under power consumption curve divided by the load gives the specific energy consumed by the granulation process. This quantity is well correlated with the relative swept volume. ... 

Another reason may come from a different thickness of the rubber sample. The torque-time curves obtained with these two apparatus shown in Figure 3.11 clearly show this strong difference. All these two apparatus work under isothermal conditions. Thus the MDR is used at three temperatures to allow evaluation of the kinetic parameters of the cure reaction. 

FIGURE 3.11 Torque-time curves obtained with the oscillating disc rheometer (ODR) and with the moving die rheometer (MDR) with the same rubber compound. 

FIGURE 3.25 MDR in scanning mode with square root of time-temperature programming. Torque-time histories for various heating rates. (With permission of Elsevier, Figure 2, Polymer, 2003. 44 4067-74.1.D. Rosea and J.M. Vergnaud.)... 

Figure 1. Torque-time curve for dispersion process using Figure 2. Torque-time curve for dispersion process using technique A (T=170°C and 20 rpm). pure HOPE, technique A (samples with surfactant treatment, T=170°C HDPE-Ti02, AHDPE-Ti02/A0T. 20 rpm). A50%, o 30%, 15%.

Figure 3. Torque-time curve for dispersion process using Figure 4. Torque-time curve for dispersion process of artificial technique B (T-170°C and 20 rpm). 50% Ti02, 50% agglomerates using technique A (pag =1.61 g/cm T=170°C, Ti02/AOT. and 20 rpm). 30% Ti02, 30%TiO2/AOT.

The torque - time curve for the technique (B) is presented in Figure 3. It can be observed higher torque at the peak for the non-treated powder. 

Figure 5. Dimensionless torque-time curves for dispersion Figure 6. Viscosity as function of frequency at T 200 C. process of artificial agglomerates using technique A (paggi=1.61 P HDPE, HDPE-30% Ti02, HDPE-30% Ti02/A0T.

The melt processing characteristics of dynamic vulcanized HDPE/NR/TPS blends have been studied from the processing torque-time curve. Figures 10.1(a) and (b) show the processing torque of the melt mixed sulfur and... 

Figure 18.2 Mixing torque-time of NR/HDPE blends at various blend ratios without compatibilizers.

Figure 18.5 shows comparative torque time curves for NR/HDPE blends at a fixed blend ratio of 80/20 with three types of blend compatibilizers added. It can be seen that the torque increased in the absence of a compatibilizer. Also, the phenolic resin with active hydroxymethyl (methylol) groups gave the highest mixing torque at the final mixing stage. 

Figure 18.5 Comparison of torque time eurves of NR/HDPE blends at a blend ratio of 80/20 using eompatibilizers.

Figure 18.6 Torque-time curve obtained during blending of PP/EPDM/NR and PP/ EPDM/ENR25.

Figure 18.48 Torque-time curves for ENR-30/PMMA blends.

Figure 18.49 Torque-time curves for 60/40 ENR/PMMA blends with various ENRs.

Power is the product of torque times speed.The term load usually refers to the horsepower required to drive a machine ... 

Figure 5.25 A typical torque-time curve generated in an internal mixer during compounding of fillers into polymers. (Reprinted from Ref. 91 with kind permission from Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.)...

For both designs the conveyor torque equals the pinion torque times the gearbox ratio whatever the differential. 

The torque-time curve was initially somewhat irregular due to the lateral extrusion of some of the sample material during the first few cycles of anvil oscillation. Data was taken after the torque-time curve had stabilized and approximated a square wave. A typical tracing obtained on PP is shown in Fig. 1. Note that during the experiment the rotation speed was increased about 5 fold with no apparent residual effect on the sample. There was only a small increase in torque associated with the higher strain-rate or sliding speed. This is typical of what has been observed with other polymers studied . 

Figure 3.25. Torque-time curves of PP based nanocomposites recorded during melt compounding (content of nano-silica = 1.36 vol%)...

The interaction between machine and material is manifested in the temperature-rise, the torque-time curve and the cumulative energy input. Here, we will discuss the torque-time curve, see Figure 3.6 [1]. 

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