Tin-containing polymers

Although there are a variety of polymers in this category,69 71 most polymers with tin atoms in the chain backbone are represented by the stannoxane structure 7.11, 

A variety of oligomers with novel drum and ladder structures have also been prepared. They have the formulas [R Sn(0)02CR]6 and [(R Sn(0)02CR)2 R Sn(02CR)3 2, and contain four- and six-membered rings. They can be synthesized by the reaction of stannoic acid with a carboxylic acid, but the reaction of RSnCl3 with the silver salt of a carboxylic acid can also be used. If diphenylphosphinic acid or dicyclohexylphosphinic acid is used instead of the carboxylic acid, oxygen-capped clusters or cubic and butterfly structures are obtained.69 

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The objective of this study is to characterize tin-containing polymers on a molecular level by means of high field, high resolution, multinuclear Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FT-NMR) (4 ). This study is generally an applied approach dealing with composition and configuration of specific formulations of the copolymer. 

Tin-containing polymers obtained by polymerization of ethylene with tetraethyl-or tetrabutylstannane at 1400 kg/cm2 and 160-200 °C were used as antiwear additives for lube oils82). 

A scientific collection 841 of the large number of data on organometallic polymers containing various elements has been published. Tin-containing polymers, their use and their applications as coating materials are also discussed in this collection. 

One-dimensional 119Sn NMR spectroscopy in solution was used to characterise soluble polymer-supported organotin compounds181,199. To get a more detailed understanding of the microstructure of tin-containing polymers, 1H/13C/119Sn triple resonance 3D NMR... 

Polymers of benzoquinone, some tin-containing polymers, like poly(dialkyl tin maleate), zinc or cadmium containing polycondensates of 8-hydroxyquinoline with formaldehyde, polymers containing phosphorus, Ar,Ar -diphenylguanidine, 4-ami-no-1,2,3-triazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzothiazolone or dithiocarba-mate moieties were reported as thermostabilizers for PVC [67, 325-327]. 

V.F. Mishchenko, Z.M. Rzaev, V.A. Zubov, Biostable Tin-containing polymers, Khimiya, Moscow, 1995. 

PERCULIARITY OF FILM-FORMING TIN-CONTAINING POLYMER COATINGS... 

Fig.II. Relaxation spectra of the internal stresses in coatings formed of tin-containing polymers (in Xylol, 21 t 1°)...

Whilst an all-c/s polychloroprene has not been produced by direct polymerization an elegant, if rather academic route, has been described (Aufdermarsh and Pariser, 1%4). The monomer, chloro-prene, normally takes up a S-trans conformation. If the chlorine atom is replaced by a bulky tributyl tin group by means of a Grignard reaction the resultant diene takes up the S-cis conformation. The tin-containing polymer is polymerized and the resulting polymer converted to c/s-l,4-polychloroprene by chlorinolysis ... 

In summary, a wide variety of germanium-containing polymers has been synthesized. Most of the emphases has focused on the synthesis and characterization of the polygermanes. This emphasis will continue. Because of the cost and lack of ready availability of suitable germanimn monomers, research with germanium-containing polymers will continue to lag behind that of silicon- and tin-containing polymers. 

As noted before the polystannanes are good conductors and conductivity has been found for a mmiber of other tin-containing polymers. 

Styrene-maleic anhydride)x tin-containing polymer (I328). 

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