Time-resolved coincidence-imaging

Time-resolved ionization offers several advantages as a probe of these wavepackets [41, 42, 343, 360]. For example, the ground state of an ion is often better characterized than higher excited states of the neutral molecule, particularly for polyatomics. Ionization is also universal and hence there are no dark states. Furthermore, ionization provides both ions and photoelectrons and, while ion detection provides mass and kinetic-energy resolution in time-resolved studies [508], photoelectron spectra can provide complementary information on the evolution of the wavepacket [22, 63, 78, 132, 201, 270, 271, 362, 363, 377]. Its utihty for real-time probing of molecular dynamics in the femtosecond regime has been nicely demonstrated in studies of wavepackets on excited states of Na2 [22], on the B state of I2 [132], and on the A state of Nal [201]. Femtosecond photoelectron-photoion coincidence imaging studies of photodissociation dynamics have been reported [107]. 

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