Thyroid response elements

Thyroid response elements TRE A domain on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that will bind the complex formed by thyroid hormone binding to the thyroid hormone receptor. When the complex binds to the TRE, which are located in the promoter region of the DNA, it activates transcription of the gene. When thyroid hormone is not bound to the receptor the receptor acts as a transcription repressor. 

The transcription of UCP mRNA is upregulated by norepinephrine activation of adrenoreceptors and by increased cAMP. This upregulation can be enhanced by the presence of triiodothyronine and abolished if the deiodinase activity of the cell is inhibited. BAT has a nuclear receptor for triiodothyronine that functions as a transcription factor and probably binds upstream of the UCP gene to activate transcription. The presence of both thyroid response elements and cAMP response elements is likely to be required. 

Hirose-Knmagai, A., Oda-Tamai, S., and Akamatsn, N. The interaction between nucleoproteins and thyroid response element (TRE) during regenerating rat liver. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 35(4) 881-888, April 1995. 

Glucocorticoid-response element Oestrogen-response element Thyroid-response element Dihydroxy vitamin Dj-response element COUP element (orphan-response element)... 

Figure 10.12 Response elements for heterodimers of the nuclear receptor for ds-retinoic acid (RXR) with the receptors for vitamin D (VDR), thyroid hormone (TR) and trans-retinoic acid (RAR). The half-sites of these response elements have identical nucleotide sequences and are organized as direct repeats. They differ in the number of base pairs in the spacer region between the half-sites. This difference forms the basis for the ability of the heterodimers to discriminate between the different response elements.

White, D. M., et al. (1997). Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14387-93. Yamashima, T., et al. (1997). Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human... 

The structure in palindrome or in direct repetition and the size of the spacing sequence between the two pentamers are the critical variables in establishing the specificity of response to each one of the receptors that share the same pentamer. For example, the elements of estrogen and thyroid response can share the same palindrome and be differentiated only by the number of nucleotide spacers three for the first one, none for the second. 

Miyamoto, T, Kaneko, A., Kakizawa, T, Yajima, H., Kamijo, K., Sekine, R., Hiramatsu, K., Nishii, Y, Hashimoto, T. Hashizume, K. (1997) Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator signaling pathways by thyroid hormone receptor. Competitive binding to the response element. J. biol. Chem., Ill, 7752-7758... 

Model of the interaction of T3 with the T3 receptor. A Inactive phase —the unliganded T3 receptor dimer bound to the thyroid hormone response element (TRE) along with corepressors acts as a suppressor of gene transcription. B Active phase — T3 and T4... 

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