Thornton diagram

Structure zone model (SZM) (film formation) A diagram showing the morphology of a deposited film as a function of some deposition parameter. Examples Temperature for vacuum evaporation gas pressure and temperature for sputter deposition. See also Movchin-Demchishin diagram Thornton diagram. 

Wallace, A. C., R. A. Laskowski, and J. M. Thornton (1995). LIGPLOT A program to generate schematic diagrams of protein-ligand interactions. Protein Eng 8 127-134. 

Equilibrium data usually have to be determined by tedious laboratory methods. Proposals have been made which enable the complete diagram to be deduced with reasonable accuracy from a relatively small number of experimental values. Some of these methods are discussed by Robinson and Gilliam) 1 1 and by Thornton and Garner . 

For further discussion of three-dimensional reaction coordinate diagrams for these processes, see Section 5.4, p. 246, and (a) W. P. Jencks, Chem. Rev., 72, 705 (1972). (b) M. Choi and E. R. Thornton, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 96, 1428 (1974), have suggested the possibility of more complex reaction paths with two consecutive transition states not separated by any energy minimum and with reaction coordinates perpendicular to each other on the potential energy surface. 

Another innovation in this text is the use of three-dimensional reaction coordinate diagrams, pioneered by Thornton, More O Ferrall, and Jencks, in the discussions of nucleophilic substitutions, eliminations, and acid catalysis of carbonyl additions. We hope that the examples may lead to more widespread use of these highly informative diagrams. 

Figure 5 More O Ferrall-Jencks diagram for the elimination reaction (Equation 17). A, El-like E2 mechanism B, synchronous E2 mechanism C, Elcb-like E2 mechanism. The vector (a.) corresponds to a Hammond (parallel) effect and (b) to a Thornton (perpendicular) effect...

Schematic diagram of the Rapid Underway Monitoring system illustrating key components and required integration Diaphragm pump (a) used to deliver water to the onboard instrumentation (b-d), instruments mounted in the water column (e, f), and GPS unit and computer components (g). (Reproduced from Hodge, J., Longstaff, B., Steven, A., Thornton, P., EUis, P., and McKelvie, 1., Mar. Pol. Bull., 51,113,2005. With permission.)...

Fig. 6.2 Schematic diagram of uptake on an NaCl particle and reactions of N2O5 in liquid particles (Adapted from Bertram and Thornton 2009)...

Figure 3 Microstructure zone diagram for metal films deposited by sputtering. T is the substrate temperature, and is the melting point of the coating material in degrees absolute. (Reprinted with permission from J. A. Thornton, Journal of Vacuum Science Technology A3 3059,1986. Copyright 1986 American Vacuum Society.)...

The microstructure and morphology of thick single phase films have been extensively studied for a wide variety of metals, alloys and refractory compounds. The structural model was first proposed by Movchan and Demchishin Figure 14 was subsequently modified by Thornton (Figure 15). Movchan and Demchishin s diagram was arrived at from their studies on deposits of pure metals and did not include the transition zone of Thornton s model. Zone T. This is not prominent in pure metals or single phase alloy deposits but becomes quite pronounced in deposits of refractory compounds or complex alloys produced by evaporation and in all types of deposits produced in the presence of partial pressure of inert or reactive gas, as in sputtering or ARE type processes. 

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