Third components influence, surfactants

There is a vast body of data concerning the influence of third components on surfactant liquid crystals. Because of the possible great complexity of the inherent mesophase behavior this array of data can appear to be enormously difficult to rationalize. However, if we can consider the simple concepts described above (micelle formation, micelle... 

There is a vast body of data concerning the influence of third components on surfactant liquid crystals. Because of the potentially great complexity of the inherent mesophase behaviour, this array of data can appear to be enormously difficult to rationalize. However, if we consider the simple concepts described above (micelle formation, micelle shape/packing constraints, volume fractions and the nature of intermicel-lar interactions), then a reasonably simplified picture emerges, at least for the water-continuous phases. This present section does not attempt to be comprehensive - it simply reports selected examples of behaviour to illustrate the general concepts. The simplest way to show the changes in mesophase behaviour is to employ ternary phase diagrams. The reader should recall that the important factors are (i) the behaviour as a function of surfactant/additive ratio, and (ii) the volume... 

Surfactants are widely recognized to enhance the aqueous solubility of many compounds which, by themselves, are poorly soluble in water. This phenomenon is termed solubilization [6] and is a very large subject that has been treated in Ref. 6 and elsewhere [7]. Solubilization will not be considered herein, as the present focus is on the solubility of surfactant compounds themselves. Some consideration will be given to the influence of third components on surfactant solubility, however. 

Using a third component (some surfactant in most of the cases) to favor the incorporation of the CNTs into the polymer matrix results in a three-component nanocomposite for which the conductivity might be influenced by the presence of the surfactant. The conductivity... 

A book by Laugh in [76] is a very valuable reference on the aqueous phase behavior of surfactants. It covers this vast area of science from the viewpoints of the role of phase science within physical science, physical chemistry (thermodynamics of immiscibility, phase diagrams, the phase rule, characteristic features of surfactant phase behavior, kinetic and mechanistic aspects of surfactant phase behavior, relative humidity), structures and properties of surfactant phases, molecular correlations (surfactant and nonsurfactant behavior in amphiphilic molecules, hydrophilicity, lipophilicity, proximate and remote substituent effects, influence of third components on aqueous surfactant phase behavior), the relationship of the physical science of surfactants to their utility, and the history of surfactant phase science. 

THE INFLUENCE OF THIRD COMPONENTS COSURFACTANTS, MIXED SURFACTANTS, OILS, HYDROTROPES, ELECTROLYTES AND ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS... 

This analysis would not likely apply at the temperatures of the knee or plateau regions, as the dependence of activities on concentration is greatly complicated by the existence of micellar phenomena. Because no ternary aqueous surfactant phase study has been performed to date at a temperature below the Krafft eutectic of the binary aqueous surfactant system, little information exists regarding the influence of a third component on the crystal solubility of surfactants (except for the influence of added salts, as described above). It has been shown that plane sections through ternary diagrams of two surfactants and water have an appearance similar to the familiar eutectic diagram found in numerous nonsurfactant binary systems [45]. 

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