Thiamphenicol analysis

Martinez-Dalmau A, Fernandez MN, BarboUa L. Haematological toxicity of thiamphenicol analysis of a case with total irreversible bone marrow aplasia and general review of the problem. [Hematologic toxicity of thiamphenicol. Analysis of a case of irreversible total medullary aplasia and general review of the problem.] Sangre (Bare) 1972 17(l) 59-66. 

Nakagawa, T., Masada, M. and Uno, T.J. (1975) Gas chromatographic determination and gas chromatographic-mass spectrophotometric analysis of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and their metabolites. Journal of Chromatography, 111, 355. 

Despite the fact that the preparation of chloramphenicol-specific antibodies was reported as early as in 1966 (36), it was 1984 before the first immunoassay was published for the determination of chloramphenicol residues in swine muscle, eggs, and milk (37). This first-published method was a radioimmunoassay that required an extraction procedure and special laboratory facilities to attain a quantification limit of 1 ppb. Employed polyclonal antibodies showed insignificant crossreactivity with structurally related compounds, except that thiamphenicol that did not interfere with the analysis. However, cross-reactivity was significant for metabolites deviating from the parent compound in the acyl side chain. 

FG Iosifidou, JE Psomas. Liquid chromatographic analysis of thiamphenicol residue in milk. J Liq Chromatogr 18 1863-1870, 1995. 

For the GC analysis of these substances trimethylsilyl derivatives are mostly prepared. Chloramphenicol is silylated with the aid of BSA [520,521 ]. Some workers [522], however, prefer an HMDS—TMCS mixture in pyridine as it is said to result in a more uniform product. The analysis is performed on silicone stationary phases of the SE-30 and OV-17 types. The related thiamphenicol is converted into the TMS derivative by treatment with BSA [523,524] and the same stationary phases are used for GC. If this method is applied to the determination of these substances in plasma and body fluids, and a selective detector is used (63Ni ECD), a sensitivity of determination of 0.1 jug/ml can be reached. 

Van de Riet et al. used LC-ESI(-)-MS to determine chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol in farmed aquatic species. After pressurized liquid extraction (PEE) with acetone, the extracts were partitioned with dichloromethane, the aqueous layer removed, and the organic layer evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in dilute acid and defatted with hexane, and the aqueous layer was prepared for EC analysis on a C18 column with a water-acetonitrile gradient. Recoveries were 71-107% LODs were 0.1 (xg/kg for florfenicol and chloramphenicol, and 0.3 (xg/kg for thiamphenicol. 

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