Thermodynamic stability requirements

The thermodynamic stability requires that Albe a monotonous increasing function of X. Due to the independence of the adsorbent molecules, the same is true also for n as a function of X. 

Thermodynamic stability requires a repulsive core in the interatomic potential of atoms and molecules, which is a manifestation of the Pauli exclusion principle operating at short distances. This means that the Coulomb and dipole interaction potentials between charged and uncharged real atoms or molecules must be supplemented by a hard core or other repulsive interactions. Examples are as follows. 

Note that the condition of thermodynamic stability requires that the free energy of a micelle, Emiceiie = pFp, is a concave function of the aggregation number, p. 

The reverse kinetic constant may be obtained by appealing to thermodynamic stability requirements of the dissociation kinetics representing the solid-phase hybridization reaction. Thermodynamic stability of the target probe complex is governed by Gibbs free energy of binding as... 

Thermodynamic stability requires that a phase or set of phases have a lower energy than any other set of phases that could be constructed from the same set of atoms under given conditions. This is equivalent to the set of atoms having their lowest average chemical potential. 

The deposition of metals directly from these halides would require high temperatures to be efficient, but because of the thermodynamic stabilities of the hydrogen halides, direct reduction can readily be carried out with hydrogen at lower temperamres. The general reaction... 

The thermodynamic stability of a protein in its native state is small and depends on the differences in entropy and enthalpy between the native state and the unfolded state. From the biological point of view it is important that this free energy difference is small because cells must be able to degrade proteins as well as synthesize them, and the functions of many proteins require structural flexibility. 

It has been found that there is often a correlation between the rate of deprotonation (kinetic acidity) and the thermodynamic stability of the carbanion (thermodynamic acidity). Because of this relationship, kinetic measurements can be used to construct orders of hydrocarbon acidities. These kinetic measurements have the advantage of not requiring the presence of a measurable concentration of the carbanion at any time instead, the relative ease of carbanion formation is judged from the rate at which exchange occurs. This method is therefore applicable to very weak acids, for which no suitable base will generate a measurable carbanion concentration. 

Generally, solid electrolytes for battery applications require high ionic conductivities and wide ranges of appropriate thermodynamic stability. 

The thermodynamic stability of the 3i4-hehx in addition to the requirements for 3i4-helix formation have been studied extensively by NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism and molecular dynamics. 

Figure 1.1 shows that the stability sequence revealed by chemical reactions and chemical synthesis corresponds to thermodynamic stabilities. An explanation requires a theory that will explain both. To get it we apply the theory of atomic spectra [9]. The energy of the 4f electrons in an ion with the configuration [Xe]4P, F(4P), can be written [nU+E Q-p(4f )] where U, a negative quantity, is the energy of each 4f electron in the field of the positively charged xenon core, and Frep(4P) represents the repulsion between the n 4f electrons. In Table 1.1, rep(4P) is expressed as a function of the Racah parameters and E. The... 

Shown in Figure 1.1 is the oxygen ion conductivity of selected oxides. Among these oxides, only a few materials have been developed as SOFC electrolytes due to numerous requirements of the electrolyte components. These requirements include fast ionic transport, negligible electronic conduction, and thermodynamic stability over a wide range of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. In addition, they must... 

The thermodynamic stability is a feature unique to each of the individual crystal structures of a chemical compound. Transforming an unstable modification into a stable one may require a certain amount of activation energy, but the process always offers an ultimate energetic advantage. Energy levels may vary considerably between pigments and even between crystal modifications. 

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