Thermodynamic potential factor definition

In DLVO theory, the secondary minimum can only be created by the van der Waals force, which is essentially independent of the salt concentration across the concentration range 0.001 M < c < 0.1 M. This force has to be balanced with a force that decays exponentially as a function of k, which means that it decays by a factor exp(-10) across this range. The unhappy consequence of this prediction is that the position of the secondary minimum, and therefore the interlayer d value, varies very rapidly as a function of k, in contradiction to the experimental results. A further unhappy consequence of this balance is that it always produces a primary minimum much deeper than the secondary minimum. The full, standard DLVO thermodynamic potential energy curve, which also includes a very-short-range Bom repulsion, is shown in Figure 1.13 [23], It is therefore a definite prediction of DLVO theory that charge-stabilized colloids can only be kinetically, as opposed to thermodynamically, stable. The theory does not mean anything at all if we cannot identify the crystalline... 

Experimental measurements of solubility are influenced by many different factors, including the purity of the solute and solvent, presence of cosolvents, presence of salts, temperature, physical form of the undissolved solute, ionization state, and solution pH [18]. Consequently many different definitions of solubility are in common use in the published literature. Here we discuss the intrinsic aqueous solubility, Sg, which is defined as the concentration of the neutral form of the molecule in saturated aqueous solution at thermodynamic equilibrium at a given tanperature [18-20]. Intrinsic aqueous solubility is used to calculate dissolution rate and pH-dependent solubility in models such as the Noyes-Whimey equation [21] and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation [22, 23], respectively. Prediction of the intrinsic aqueous solubility of bioactive molecules is of great importance in the biochemical sciences because it is a key determinant in the bioavailability of novel pharmaceuticals [1, 3, 24-26] and the environmental fate of potential pollutants [27, 28],... 

Note that the contribution to the stress from the nematic potential is independent of the deformation rate and is therefore elastic. The coefficients i are known as the Leslie viscosities. (The factors of V2 in the equations do not appear in the original literature because of different definitions of D and 52.) The Onsager reciprocal relations from irreversible thermodynamics require that 2 + 3 = 6 - 5. Conservation of angular momentum must also be satisfied by the director, which takes the form... 

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