Thermodynamic evidence

All of the thermodynamic evidence pertaining to hydration is given in terms of standard values which correspond to ideality where the solute concentration 0. Under these conditions the only interactions will be those between ion and solvent molecules and between solvent and solvent molecules. Ion-ion interactions can then be ignored. 

The thermodynamic procedure is carried out in a series of steps as given in Sections 13.16.5 and 13.16.6. 

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G. E. Gibson and W. F. Giauque. "The Third Law of Thermodynamics. Evidence from the Specific Heats of Glycerol that the Entropy of a Glass Exceeds that of a Crystal at the Absolute Zero". J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 45. 93-104 (1923). 

Overall, then in summary, the kinetic and thermodynamic evidence available thus far suggests that the polymerization of a benzocyclobutene monomer is first order in benzocyclobutene moieties with an activation energy of approximately 167.4 kJ per mole. Further, the thermal reaction between two benzocyclobut-enes is thermodynamically preferred over that of a benzocyclobutene... 

There is some kinetic and thermodynamic evidence for the formation of a ff-adduct as a nonproductive transient species in the course of the methoxydechlorination of 6-chloro-3-methyl-7-nitroanthranil.196 Rate and equilibrium constants have been determined. 

Cruywagen, J.J., J.B.B. Heyns, and A.N. Westra. 1996. Protonation equilibria of mononuclear vanadate Thermodynamic evidence for the expansion of the coordination number in V02+. Inorg. Chem. 35 1556-1559. 

Phillips and Williams (16) have proposed a general method of noting thermodynamic evidence for deviation from the ionic model presuming the latter to be closely followed by all IA and IIA cations. 

Of course, stability is a very complicated term influenced by numerous and diverse parameters. Thermodynamic stability means that the complex has a negative free energy of formation from its decomposition products. Unfortunately, thermodynamic evidence on the strength of Si-M bonds is almost completely lacking. Kinetic stability affects the possible pathways of decomposition, such as existence of potential coordination sites at the silicon or metal center, the ability of the latter to vary its oxidation state, nucleophilicity of the ligands, the associated possibility of concerted rearrangements46 and so on. These introductory notes will be followed by a discussion of chemical reactivities. 

While the thermodynamic evidence may favor the mixture models, the diffraction studies from the static crystalline state tend to support the continuum model. The water molecules in the ices and high hydrates are always four-coordinated. 

Ceolin, R., Agafonov, V., Gonthier-Vassal, A., Swarc, H., Cense, J. M. andLadure, P. (1995). Solid-state studies on crystalline and glassy flutamide—Thermodynamic evidence for dimorphism. /. Therm. Anal, 45, 1277-84. [254]... 

Barrow and Caunti" have made a careful study of the spectroscopic and thermodynamic evidence on the dissociation energies of some alkali metal halides. They state that 122 -6 kcal is a spectroscopic upper limit to Z)(K -F), and 118 9 kcal is the best thermo-chemical value based on. D(F2) =37 4 kcal. These refer to 25° G, and should be reduced by about 0 7 kcal to refer to 0° K. Gay-don gives 5-0 0 25 eV, from thermochemical evidence (115 kcal), but the error limits are perhaps too great 118 kcal seems the most likely value. 

S. Thermodynamic evidence for Ca +-mediated self-aggregation 48. of Lewis X gold glyconanoparticles. A model for cell adhesion... 

Recently, Berkowitz has given more direct thermodynamic evidence of this strange behaviour of XeFg. His ionization data given in Table 2, give quantitative expression to the earlier qualitative results. 

A. Cesaro, A. Ciana, T. Delben, G. Manzini and S. Paoletti, Physicochemical Properties of Pectic Acid. I. Thermodynamic Evidence of a pH-Induced Conformational Transition in Aqueous Solution. Biopolymers Biopolymers, 21 (1982) 431. 

Thermodynamic evidence is against a major contribution of hydrogen bonds to the free energy of protein-protein interactions (Schellman, 1955 Klotz and Franzen, 1962). Similarly, the overall contribution of the numerous but much less energetic van der Waals interactions is probably very small. 

Cesaro, A., Ciana, A., Delben, F., Manzini, G. and Paoletti, 1982. Thermodynamic evidence of a pH-induced conformational transition in aqueous solution, Biopolymers, 21 431449. 

Thermodynamic evidence for preferential displacement of the adhesive from the interface by water is provided by the work of Gledhill and Kinloch (1). By approximating the value of the work of adhesion between an epoxy adhesive and iron oxide surface, they were able to show that in the absence of water this value was positive and stable. If, however, water is present at the interface the work of adhesion shifts to a negative, and hence unstable value. It follows that under moist conditions, the locus of failure will likely be at the interface, resulting in a lower strength. This is what one observes experimentally. 

J. M. de la Fuente, P. Eaton, A. G. Barrientos, M. Menendez, and S. Penades, Thermodynamic evidence for Ca -mediated self-aggregation of Lewis X gold... 

HEAT CAPACITY AND VAPOR PRESSURE OF CRYSTALLINE BIS/BENZENE/CHROMIUM. THIRD-LAW ENTROPY COMPARISON AND THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE OF BIS/BENZENE/CHROMIUM. 

There are two structural models for liquids whose composition is close to Tl2Te which are consistent with the thermodynamic evidence (Terpilowski and Zaleska (1963)). The first of these, suggested by Cutler and Field (1968) and by Enderby and Simmons (1969) has been referred to already, and involves the notion of TlaTe molecules together with excess Te or Tl. An equally plausible description, particularly in view of the electromigration data for liquid Mg-Bi is one in which liquid T Te is assumed to be essentially ionic in character. The detailed structure experiments referred to... 

It is evident that there is an energy-difference Fk between the equilibria (a) and (b) and there exists an Fa potential barrier between the inside and outside structure of the coal. The existence of such a potential barrier is a thermodynamic evidence in all cases when there are in a system two (or more) equilibria at different energy levels. 

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