Thermal destruction generally

One area of cat cracking not fully understood is the proper determination of carbon residue of the feed and how it affects the unit s coke make. Carbon residue is defined as the carbonaceous residue formed after thermal destruction of a sample. Cat crackers are generally limited in coke burn capacity, therefore, the inclusion of residue in the feed produces more coke and forces a reduction in FCC throughput. Conventional gas oil feeds generally have a carbon residue less than 0,5 wt for feeds containing resid, the number can be as high as 15 wt lf. 

T0443 IT Corporation, In Situ Geochemical Fixation T0450 IT Corporation, Thermal Destruction Unit T0452 Joule-Heated Vitrification—General T0462 Klean Earth Environmental Company (KEECO, Inc.), KB-1... 

T0711 Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc., Shirco Infrared Thermal Destruction System T0717 Smith Technology Corporation, SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP) T0719 Soil/Sediment Washing—General... 

The slope of this straight line is referred to as the isokinetic temperature, Tp (Barnes, Vogel, and Gordon, 1969 Leffler, 1966). This relationship with a linear thermodynamic compensation of rates is called enthalpy/entropy compensation it is important for the physiological stability of proteins (Lumry and Eyring, 1954). The value Tp is generally between 270°K and 320°K for the thermal destruction of cells Tp is between 320°K and 350°K. The importance of this fact is the possible implication of a uniform mechanism for cell death through protein denaturation. 

Adsorption processes consist of the selective concentration (adsorption) of one or mote components (adsorbates) of either a gas or a liquid at the surface of a microporous solid (adsorbent). The attractive forces causing the adsorption ate generally weaker than those of chemical bonds, and by increasing the temperature of the adsorbent or reducing an adsorbate s partial pressure (or concentration in a liquid), the adsorbate can be desorbed. The desorption or regeneration step is quite important in the overall process. First, desorption allows recovery of adsorbates in those separations where they ate valuable and second, it permits reuse of the adsorbent for further cycles. In a few cases, desorption is not practical, and the adsorbate must be removed by thermal destruction or another chemical reaction, or the adsorbent is simply discarded. 

The advantages of thermal incineration are that it is simple in concept, has a wide application, and results in almost complete destruction of pollutants with no liquid or solid residue. Thermal incineration provides an opportunity for heat recovery and has low maintenance requirements and low capital cost. Thermal incineration units for small or moderate exhaust streams are generally compact and light. Such units can be installed on a roof when the plant area is limited. = The main disadvantage is the auxiliary fuel cost, which is partly offset with an efficient heat-recovery system. The formation of nitric oxides during the combustion processes must be reduced by control of excess air temperature, fuel supply, and combustion air distribution at the burner inlet, The formation of thermal NO increases dramatically above 980 Table 13.10)... 

Petroleum coke is the residue left by the destructive distillation (thermal cracking or coking) of petroleum residua. The coke formed in catalytic cracking operations is usually nonrecoverable because of adherence to the catalyst, as it is often employed as fuel for the process. The composition of coke varies with the source of the crude oil, but in general, is insoluble on organic solvents and has a honeycomb-type appearance. 

In this section, we use another chain reaction to show the relation between the steady-state treatment and the quasi-equilibrium treatment. The former is more general than the latter, and leads to more complete but also more complicated results. Ozone, O3, is present in the stratosphere as the ozone layer, and in the troposphere as a pollutant. Ozone production and destruction in the atmosphere is primarily controlled by photochemical reactions, which are discussed in a later section. Ozone may also be thermally decomposed into oxygen, O, although... 

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