Thermal decomposition energetic materials

It is somewhat confusing that the term critical diameter is also used by those interested in the potential of an energetic material to undergo thermal runaway. Because, by definition, the energetic material releases heat when it decomposes, it has the potential to increase its local environmental temperature. Depending on the decomposition kinetics of the material, at some critical dimension the charge can self-heat to catastrophic reaction. This can be referred to in terms of the critical diameter or, more often, in terms of the initial environmental temperature that allows this scenario, the critical temperature . 

Brill, T. B., Brush, P. J., and Patil, D. G., Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 60. Major Reaction Stages of a Simulated Burning Surface of NH4CIO4, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 94,1993, pp. 70-76. 

Beal, R. W., and Brill, T. B., Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 78. Vibrational and Heat of Formation Analysis of Furazans by DFT, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 25, 2000, pp. 247-254. 

In contrast to the detonation of gaseous materials, the detonation process of explosives composed of energetic solid materials involves phase changes from solid to liquid and to gas, which encompass thermal decomposition and diffusional processes of the oxidizer and fuel components in the gas phase. Thus, the precise details of a detonation process depend on the physicochemical properties of the explosive, such as its chemical structure and the particle sizes of the oxidizer and fuel components. The detonation phenomena are not thermal equilibrium processes and the thickness of the reachon zone of the detonation wave of an explosive is too thin to identify its detailed structure.[i- i Therefore, the detonation processes of explosives are characterized through the details of gas-phase detonation phenomena. 

As described in Sections 4.2.4.1 and 5.2.2, GAP is a unique energetic material that burns very rapidly without any oxidation reaction. When the azide bond is cleaved to produce nitrogen gas, a significant amount of heat is released by the thermal decomposition. Glycidyl azide prepolymer is polymerized with HMDI to form GAP copolymer, which is crosslinked with TMP. The physicochemical properties of the GAP pyrolants used in VFDR are shown in Table 15.3.PI The major fuel components are H2, GO, and G(g), which are combustible fragments when mixed with air in the ramburner. The remaining products consist mainly of Nj with minor amounts of GOj and HjO. 

B.D. Roos, T.B. Brill, Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 82. Correlations of Gaseous Products with the Composition of Aliphatic Nitrate Esters, Combust. Flame, 128(1-2) (2002) 181-190. Y. Oyumi,... 

T.B. Brill, K.J. James, Kinetics and Mechanisms of Thermal Decomposition of Nitroaromatic Explosives, J. Phys. Chem., 93 (1993) 2667-2692. ibid Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 61 Perfidy in the Amino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene Series of Explosives, J. Phys. Chem. 97(34) (1993) 8752-8758. ibid. Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 62 Reconciliation of the Kinetics and Mechanisms of TNT on the Time Scale from Microseconds to Hours, J. Phys. Chem., 97(34) (1993) 8759-8763. 

Y. Oyumi, T. B.Brill, Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 4. High-Rate, In Situ, Thermolysis of the Four, Six, and Eight Membered, Oxygen-Rich, Gem-Dinitroalkyl Cyclic Nitramines, TNAZ, DNNC, and HNDZ, Combust. Flame, 62 (1985) 225-231. 

G.K. Williams, T.B. Brill, Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 68. Decomposition and Sublimation Kinetics of NTO and Evaluation of Prior Kinetic Data, J. Phys. Chem., 99 (1995) 12536-12539. 

B.C. Tappan, C.D. Incarvito, A.L. Rheingold, T.B. Brill, Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 79 Thermal, Vibrational, and X-ray Structural Characterization of Metal Salts of Mono- and Di-Anionic 5-Nitraminotetrazole Thermochim. Acta, 384(2002) 113-120. 

M.J. Rossi, J.C. Bottaro, D.F. McMillen, Int. J. Chem.Kinet., 25 (1993) 549. M.J. Rossi, D.F. McMillen, D. M.Golden, Low Pressure Thermal Decomposition Studies Selected Nitramine and Dinitramine Energetic Materials ONR Final Report AD-A247 972 March 1992. 

J.C. Oxley, J.L. Smith, E. Rogers, X. Dong, Gas Production from Thermal Decomposition of Explosives Assessing the Thermal Stabilities of Energetic Materials from Gas Production Data J. Energ. Mat., 18 (2000), 97-121. 

Beach, S., Latham, D., Sidgwick, C., Hanna, M. and York, P. (1999). Control of the physical form of salmeterol xinofoate. Org. Process Res. Develop., 3, 370-6. [256] Beal, R. W. and Brill, T. B. (2000). Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 77. Behavior of N-N bridged bifurazan compounds on slow and fast heating. Propell Explos. Pyrot., 25, 241-6. [275]... 

Oyumi, Y. and Brill, T. B. (1985). Thermal decomposition of energetic materials. 6. Solid-phase transitions and the decomposition of 1,2,3-triaminoguanidinium nitrate. J. Phys. Chem., 89,4325-9. [284]... 

Oyumi, Y, Brill, T. B. and Rheingold, A. L. (1987 ) Thermal decomposition of energetic materials. A comparison of energetic materials and thermal reactivity of an acyclic and cyclic tetramethylenetetranitramine pair. Thermochim. Acta, 114, 209-25. [285]... 

---